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[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
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[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
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[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
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[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
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[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
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[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
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[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
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Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
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\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
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In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
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Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
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According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
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The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
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originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
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Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
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Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
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[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.the-afc.com\/competitions\/afc-champions-league\/latest\/news\/al-ain-lift-uae-pro-league-title-in-style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/it\/sociologia-del-calcio\/4160762\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/qds\/1132<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.the-afc.com\/competitions\/afc-champions-league\/latest\/news\/al-ain-lift-uae-pro-league-title-in-style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sportspromedia.com\/news\/neymar-psg-qatar-national-bank-endorsement-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/it\/sociologia-del-calcio\/4160762\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/qds\/1132<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.the-afc.com\/competitions\/afc-champions-league\/latest\/news\/al-ain-lift-uae-pro-league-title-in-style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sportspromedia.com\/news\/neymar-psg-qatar-national-bank-endorsement-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/it\/sociologia-del-calcio\/4160762\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/qds\/1132<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.the-afc.com\/competitions\/afc-champions-league\/latest\/news\/al-ain-lift-uae-pro-league-title-in-style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cityfootballgroup.com\/our-clubs\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sportspromedia.com\/news\/neymar-psg-qatar-national-bank-endorsement-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/it\/sociologia-del-calcio\/4160762\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/qds\/1132<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.the-afc.com\/competitions\/afc-champions-league\/latest\/news\/al-ain-lift-uae-pro-league-title-in-style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/corporate-structure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cityfootballgroup.com\/our-clubs\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sportspromedia.com\/news\/neymar-psg-qatar-national-bank-endorsement-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/it\/sociologia-del-calcio\/4160762\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/qds\/1132<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.the-afc.com\/competitions\/afc-champions-league\/latest\/news\/al-ain-lift-uae-pro-league-title-in-style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/corporate-structure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cityfootballgroup.com\/our-clubs\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sportspromedia.com\/news\/neymar-psg-qatar-national-bank-endorsement-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/it\/sociologia-del-calcio\/4160762\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/qds\/1132<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.the-afc.com\/competitions\/afc-champions-league\/latest\/news\/al-ain-lift-uae-pro-league-title-in-style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/investment-committee\/khaldoon-al-mubarak<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/board-of-directors<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/corporate-structure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cityfootballgroup.com\/our-clubs\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sportspromedia.com\/news\/neymar-psg-qatar-national-bank-endorsement-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/it\/sociologia-del-calcio\/4160762\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/qds\/1132<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.the-afc.com\/competitions\/afc-champions-league\/latest\/news\/al-ain-lift-uae-pro-league-title-in-style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/investment-committee\/khaldoon-al-mubarak<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/board-of-directors<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/corporate-structure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cityfootballgroup.com\/our-clubs\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sportspromedia.com\/news\/neymar-psg-qatar-national-bank-endorsement-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/it\/sociologia-del-calcio\/4160762\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/qds\/1132<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.the-afc.com\/competitions\/afc-champions-league\/latest\/news\/al-ain-lift-uae-pro-league-title-in-style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[3]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190630210353\/https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/sport\/football\/2406994\/Bates-sells-off-Chelsea-to-a-Russian-billionaire.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/investment-committee\/khaldoon-al-mubarak<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/board-of-directors<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/corporate-structure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cityfootballgroup.com\/our-clubs\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sportspromedia.com\/news\/neymar-psg-qatar-national-bank-endorsement-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/it\/sociologia-del-calcio\/4160762\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/qds\/1132<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.the-afc.com\/competitions\/afc-champions-league\/latest\/news\/al-ain-lift-uae-pro-league-title-in-style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/people\/profiles\/sheikh-mansour-richest-man-football-2052350.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190630210353\/https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/sport\/football\/2406994\/Bates-sells-off-Chelsea-to-a-Russian-billionaire.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/investment-committee\/khaldoon-al-mubarak<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/board-of-directors<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/corporate-structure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cityfootballgroup.com\/our-clubs\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sportspromedia.com\/news\/neymar-psg-qatar-national-bank-endorsement-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/it\/sociologia-del-calcio\/4160762\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/qds\/1132<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.the-afc.com\/competitions\/afc-champions-league\/latest\/news\/al-ain-lift-uae-pro-league-title-in-style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/people\/profiles\/sheikh-mansour-richest-man-football-2052350.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190630210353\/https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/sport\/football\/2406994\/Bates-sells-off-Chelsea-to-a-Russian-billionaire.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/investment-committee\/khaldoon-al-mubarak<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/board-of-directors<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/corporate-structure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cityfootballgroup.com\/our-clubs\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sportspromedia.com\/news\/neymar-psg-qatar-national-bank-endorsement-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/it\/sociologia-del-calcio\/4160762\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/qds\/1132<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.the-afc.com\/competitions\/afc-champions-league\/latest\/news\/al-ain-lift-uae-pro-league-title-in-style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/people\/profiles\/sheikh-mansour-richest-man-football-2052350.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190630210353\/https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/sport\/football\/2406994\/Bates-sells-off-Chelsea-to-a-Russian-billionaire.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/investment-committee\/khaldoon-al-mubarak<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/board-of-directors<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/corporate-structure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cityfootballgroup.com\/our-clubs\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sportspromedia.com\/news\/neymar-psg-qatar-national-bank-endorsement-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/it\/sociologia-del-calcio\/4160762\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/qds\/1132<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.the-afc.com\/competitions\/afc-champions-league\/latest\/news\/al-ain-lift-uae-pro-league-title-in-style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

So what ? If the Champions League final isn't Manchester City v Paris St. Germain every year ... if those two teams don't always manage to win the domestic championship ... if fans continue to see both teams as English and French ... if all this is true, what is it? Does it make sense to throw so many billions every year into this bottomless abyss of European professional football?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/people\/profiles\/sheikh-mansour-richest-man-football-2052350.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190630210353\/https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/sport\/football\/2406994\/Bates-sells-off-Chelsea-to-a-Russian-billionaire.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/investment-committee\/khaldoon-al-mubarak<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/board-of-directors<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/corporate-structure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cityfootballgroup.com\/our-clubs\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sportspromedia.com\/news\/neymar-psg-qatar-national-bank-endorsement-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/it\/sociologia-del-calcio\/4160762\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/qds\/1132<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.the-afc.com\/competitions\/afc-champions-league\/latest\/news\/al-ain-lift-uae-pro-league-title-in-style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
\n

Although the Emirates have four times the population of Qatar, the average Qatari League attendance is 11,000 fans and the Emirates less than half. This means that the UAE Championship is only essential for the image that the Al-Nahyan family is trying to establish in the world. Of course, on closer inspection there are trade deals as well[16]<\/sup><\/a>, but they don't seem that important, in part because the Mubadala Group prefers to build industry partnerships rather than just financial investment deals.[17]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

So what ? If the Champions League final isn't Manchester City v Paris St. Germain every year ... if those two teams don't always manage to win the domestic championship ... if fans continue to see both teams as English and French ... if all this is true, what is it? Does it make sense to throw so many billions every year into this bottomless abyss of European professional football?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/people\/profiles\/sheikh-mansour-richest-man-football-2052350.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190630210353\/https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/sport\/football\/2406994\/Bates-sells-off-Chelsea-to-a-Russian-billionaire.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/investment-committee\/khaldoon-al-mubarak<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/board-of-directors<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/corporate-structure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cityfootballgroup.com\/our-clubs\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sportspromedia.com\/news\/neymar-psg-qatar-national-bank-endorsement-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/it\/sociologia-del-calcio\/4160762\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/qds\/1132<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.the-afc.com\/competitions\/afc-champions-league\/latest\/news\/al-ain-lift-uae-pro-league-title-in-style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

In the Emirates, this concept seems completely upside down. The national football league consists of 14 teams, of which at least three (the three clubs with the greatest tradition) belong to the family of Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan[15]<\/sup><\/a>. In no other country in the world do football teams personally belong to the strongman of the national regime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although the Emirates have four times the population of Qatar, the average Qatari League attendance is 11,000 fans and the Emirates less than half. This means that the UAE Championship is only essential for the image that the Al-Nahyan family is trying to establish in the world. Of course, on closer inspection there are trade deals as well[16]<\/sup><\/a>, but they don't seem that important, in part because the Mubadala Group prefers to build industry partnerships rather than just financial investment deals.[17]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

So what ? If the Champions League final isn't Manchester City v Paris St. Germain every year ... if those two teams don't always manage to win the domestic championship ... if fans continue to see both teams as English and French ... if all this is true, what is it? Does it make sense to throw so many billions every year into this bottomless abyss of European professional football?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/people\/profiles\/sheikh-mansour-richest-man-football-2052350.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190630210353\/https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/sport\/football\/2406994\/Bates-sells-off-Chelsea-to-a-Russian-billionaire.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/investment-committee\/khaldoon-al-mubarak<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/board-of-directors<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/corporate-structure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cityfootballgroup.com\/our-clubs\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sportspromedia.com\/news\/neymar-psg-qatar-national-bank-endorsement-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/it\/sociologia-del-calcio\/4160762\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/qds\/1132<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.the-afc.com\/competitions\/afc-champions-league\/latest\/news\/al-ain-lift-uae-pro-league-title-in-style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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As mentioned earlier, Qatar and the Emirates are pursuing different strategies. Paris St. Germain is controlled by the QIA Qatar Investment Authority, which, through political insight gained since working with the team, has received the government backing it needs to invest in Barclays, Sainsbury's, Harrods, Volkswagen, Walt Disney, Heathrow Airport in London, Siemens, Shell and a thousand other things to seize including some of the best hotels in Italy and especially Sardinia. Football is therefore a means of building trade relations, even befor[14]<\/sup><\/a>e diplomatic relations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the Emirates, this concept seems completely upside down. The national football league consists of 14 teams, of which at least three (the three clubs with the greatest tradition) belong to the family of Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan[15]<\/sup><\/a>. In no other country in the world do football teams personally belong to the strongman of the national regime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although the Emirates have four times the population of Qatar, the average Qatari League attendance is 11,000 fans and the Emirates less than half. This means that the UAE Championship is only essential for the image that the Al-Nahyan family is trying to establish in the world. Of course, on closer inspection there are trade deals as well[16]<\/sup><\/a>, but they don't seem that important, in part because the Mubadala Group prefers to build industry partnerships rather than just financial investment deals.[17]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

So what ? If the Champions League final isn't Manchester City v Paris St. Germain every year ... if those two teams don't always manage to win the domestic championship ... if fans continue to see both teams as English and French ... if all this is true, what is it? Does it make sense to throw so many billions every year into this bottomless abyss of European professional football?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/people\/profiles\/sheikh-mansour-richest-man-football-2052350.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190630210353\/https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/sport\/football\/2406994\/Bates-sells-off-Chelsea-to-a-Russian-billionaire.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/investment-committee\/khaldoon-al-mubarak<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/board-of-directors<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/corporate-structure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cityfootballgroup.com\/our-clubs\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sportspromedia.com\/news\/neymar-psg-qatar-national-bank-endorsement-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/it\/sociologia-del-calcio\/4160762\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/qds\/1132<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.the-afc.com\/competitions\/afc-champions-league\/latest\/news\/al-ain-lift-uae-pro-league-title-in-style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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And while it is true that in Europe the expansion of TV coverage has brought many people out of the stadium (not everywhere, given the growing number of viewers in Germany and the United Kingdom), that does not mean that the public has chosen to give up to follow small local clubs to take advantage of only 12 clubs in the world as hoped by the creators of the Super League.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As mentioned earlier, Qatar and the Emirates are pursuing different strategies. Paris St. Germain is controlled by the QIA Qatar Investment Authority, which, through political insight gained since working with the team, has received the government backing it needs to invest in Barclays, Sainsbury's, Harrods, Volkswagen, Walt Disney, Heathrow Airport in London, Siemens, Shell and a thousand other things to seize including some of the best hotels in Italy and especially Sardinia. Football is therefore a means of building trade relations, even befor[14]<\/sup><\/a>e diplomatic relations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the Emirates, this concept seems completely upside down. The national football league consists of 14 teams, of which at least three (the three clubs with the greatest tradition) belong to the family of Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan[15]<\/sup><\/a>. In no other country in the world do football teams personally belong to the strongman of the national regime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although the Emirates have four times the population of Qatar, the average Qatari League attendance is 11,000 fans and the Emirates less than half. This means that the UAE Championship is only essential for the image that the Al-Nahyan family is trying to establish in the world. Of course, on closer inspection there are trade deals as well[16]<\/sup><\/a>, but they don't seem that important, in part because the Mubadala Group prefers to build industry partnerships rather than just financial investment deals.[17]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

So what ? If the Champions League final isn't Manchester City v Paris St. Germain every year ... if those two teams don't always manage to win the domestic championship ... if fans continue to see both teams as English and French ... if all this is true, what is it? Does it make sense to throw so many billions every year into this bottomless abyss of European professional football?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/people\/profiles\/sheikh-mansour-richest-man-football-2052350.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190630210353\/https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/sport\/football\/2406994\/Bates-sells-off-Chelsea-to-a-Russian-billionaire.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/investment-committee\/khaldoon-al-mubarak<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/board-of-directors<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/corporate-structure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cityfootballgroup.com\/our-clubs\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sportspromedia.com\/news\/neymar-psg-qatar-national-bank-endorsement-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/it\/sociologia-del-calcio\/4160762\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/qds\/1132<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.the-afc.com\/competitions\/afc-champions-league\/latest\/news\/al-ain-lift-uae-pro-league-title-in-style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Something that golf leaders cannot understand, given that in these two countries the proletariat, the main reservoir of European supporters, has been replaced by immigrants (65.2% of the population of Qatar, 88.2% of the population of the United Arab Emirates), who are also treated under conditions comparable to slavery and therefore have little interest in local football.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And while it is true that in Europe the expansion of TV coverage has brought many people out of the stadium (not everywhere, given the growing number of viewers in Germany and the United Kingdom), that does not mean that the public has chosen to give up to follow small local clubs to take advantage of only 12 clubs in the world as hoped by the creators of the Super League.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As mentioned earlier, Qatar and the Emirates are pursuing different strategies. Paris St. Germain is controlled by the QIA Qatar Investment Authority, which, through political insight gained since working with the team, has received the government backing it needs to invest in Barclays, Sainsbury's, Harrods, Volkswagen, Walt Disney, Heathrow Airport in London, Siemens, Shell and a thousand other things to seize including some of the best hotels in Italy and especially Sardinia. Football is therefore a means of building trade relations, even befor[14]<\/sup><\/a>e diplomatic relations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the Emirates, this concept seems completely upside down. The national football league consists of 14 teams, of which at least three (the three clubs with the greatest tradition) belong to the family of Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan[15]<\/sup><\/a>. In no other country in the world do football teams personally belong to the strongman of the national regime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although the Emirates have four times the population of Qatar, the average Qatari League attendance is 11,000 fans and the Emirates less than half. This means that the UAE Championship is only essential for the image that the Al-Nahyan family is trying to establish in the world. Of course, on closer inspection there are trade deals as well[16]<\/sup><\/a>, but they don't seem that important, in part because the Mubadala Group prefers to build industry partnerships rather than just financial investment deals.[17]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

So what ? If the Champions League final isn't Manchester City v Paris St. Germain every year ... if those two teams don't always manage to win the domestic championship ... if fans continue to see both teams as English and French ... if all this is true, what is it? Does it make sense to throw so many billions every year into this bottomless abyss of European professional football?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/people\/profiles\/sheikh-mansour-richest-man-football-2052350.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190630210353\/https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/sport\/football\/2406994\/Bates-sells-off-Chelsea-to-a-Russian-billionaire.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/investment-committee\/khaldoon-al-mubarak<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/board-of-directors<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/corporate-structure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cityfootballgroup.com\/our-clubs\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sportspromedia.com\/news\/neymar-psg-qatar-national-bank-endorsement-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/it\/sociologia-del-calcio\/4160762\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/qds\/1132<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.the-afc.com\/competitions\/afc-champions-league\/latest\/news\/al-ain-lift-uae-pro-league-title-in-style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

Quite the opposite of what most Europeans perceive, which in turn is inextricably linked to belonging to a city or even a neighborhood. Above all, it is the supporters who are willing to spend money on tickets and merchandising, as evidenced by the real revolt of supporters of the clubs who wanted to participate in the Super League and who accused the management of treason, so this project in a few hours failed[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Something that golf leaders cannot understand, given that in these two countries the proletariat, the main reservoir of European supporters, has been replaced by immigrants (65.2% of the population of Qatar, 88.2% of the population of the United Arab Emirates), who are also treated under conditions comparable to slavery and therefore have little interest in local football.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And while it is true that in Europe the expansion of TV coverage has brought many people out of the stadium (not everywhere, given the growing number of viewers in Germany and the United Kingdom), that does not mean that the public has chosen to give up to follow small local clubs to take advantage of only 12 clubs in the world as hoped by the creators of the Super League.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As mentioned earlier, Qatar and the Emirates are pursuing different strategies. Paris St. Germain is controlled by the QIA Qatar Investment Authority, which, through political insight gained since working with the team, has received the government backing it needs to invest in Barclays, Sainsbury's, Harrods, Volkswagen, Walt Disney, Heathrow Airport in London, Siemens, Shell and a thousand other things to seize including some of the best hotels in Italy and especially Sardinia. Football is therefore a means of building trade relations, even befor[14]<\/sup><\/a>e diplomatic relations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the Emirates, this concept seems completely upside down. The national football league consists of 14 teams, of which at least three (the three clubs with the greatest tradition) belong to the family of Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan[15]<\/sup><\/a>. In no other country in the world do football teams personally belong to the strongman of the national regime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although the Emirates have four times the population of Qatar, the average Qatari League attendance is 11,000 fans and the Emirates less than half. This means that the UAE Championship is only essential for the image that the Al-Nahyan family is trying to establish in the world. Of course, on closer inspection there are trade deals as well[16]<\/sup><\/a>, but they don't seem that important, in part because the Mubadala Group prefers to build industry partnerships rather than just financial investment deals.[17]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

So what ? If the Champions League final isn't Manchester City v Paris St. Germain every year ... if those two teams don't always manage to win the domestic championship ... if fans continue to see both teams as English and French ... if all this is true, what is it? Does it make sense to throw so many billions every year into this bottomless abyss of European professional football?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/people\/profiles\/sheikh-mansour-richest-man-football-2052350.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190630210353\/https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/sport\/football\/2406994\/Bates-sells-off-Chelsea-to-a-Russian-billionaire.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/investment-committee\/khaldoon-al-mubarak<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/board-of-directors<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/corporate-structure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cityfootballgroup.com\/our-clubs\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sportspromedia.com\/news\/neymar-psg-qatar-national-bank-endorsement-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/it\/sociologia-del-calcio\/4160762\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/qds\/1132<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.the-afc.com\/competitions\/afc-champions-league\/latest\/news\/al-ain-lift-uae-pro-league-title-in-style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

The proclamation of the title of UAE champion 2017-2018, won by FC Al Ain, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quite the opposite of what most Europeans perceive, which in turn is inextricably linked to belonging to a city or even a neighborhood. Above all, it is the supporters who are willing to spend money on tickets and merchandising, as evidenced by the real revolt of supporters of the clubs who wanted to participate in the Super League and who accused the management of treason, so this project in a few hours failed[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Something that golf leaders cannot understand, given that in these two countries the proletariat, the main reservoir of European supporters, has been replaced by immigrants (65.2% of the population of Qatar, 88.2% of the population of the United Arab Emirates), who are also treated under conditions comparable to slavery and therefore have little interest in local football.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And while it is true that in Europe the expansion of TV coverage has brought many people out of the stadium (not everywhere, given the growing number of viewers in Germany and the United Kingdom), that does not mean that the public has chosen to give up to follow small local clubs to take advantage of only 12 clubs in the world as hoped by the creators of the Super League.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As mentioned earlier, Qatar and the Emirates are pursuing different strategies. Paris St. Germain is controlled by the QIA Qatar Investment Authority, which, through political insight gained since working with the team, has received the government backing it needs to invest in Barclays, Sainsbury's, Harrods, Volkswagen, Walt Disney, Heathrow Airport in London, Siemens, Shell and a thousand other things to seize including some of the best hotels in Italy and especially Sardinia. Football is therefore a means of building trade relations, even befor[14]<\/sup><\/a>e diplomatic relations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the Emirates, this concept seems completely upside down. The national football league consists of 14 teams, of which at least three (the three clubs with the greatest tradition) belong to the family of Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan[15]<\/sup><\/a>. In no other country in the world do football teams personally belong to the strongman of the national regime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although the Emirates have four times the population of Qatar, the average Qatari League attendance is 11,000 fans and the Emirates less than half. This means that the UAE Championship is only essential for the image that the Al-Nahyan family is trying to establish in the world. Of course, on closer inspection there are trade deals as well[16]<\/sup><\/a>, but they don't seem that important, in part because the Mubadala Group prefers to build industry partnerships rather than just financial investment deals.[17]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

So what ? If the Champions League final isn't Manchester City v Paris St. Germain every year ... if those two teams don't always manage to win the domestic championship ... if fans continue to see both teams as English and French ... if all this is true, what is it? Does it make sense to throw so many billions every year into this bottomless abyss of European professional football?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/people\/profiles\/sheikh-mansour-richest-man-football-2052350.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190630210353\/https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/sport\/football\/2406994\/Bates-sells-off-Chelsea-to-a-Russian-billionaire.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/investment-committee\/khaldoon-al-mubarak<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/board-of-directors<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/corporate-structure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cityfootballgroup.com\/our-clubs\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sportspromedia.com\/news\/neymar-psg-qatar-national-bank-endorsement-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/it\/sociologia-del-calcio\/4160762\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/qds\/1132<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.the-afc.com\/competitions\/afc-champions-league\/latest\/news\/al-ain-lift-uae-pro-league-title-in-style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The proclamation of the title of UAE champion 2017-2018, won by FC Al Ain, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quite the opposite of what most Europeans perceive, which in turn is inextricably linked to belonging to a city or even a neighborhood. Above all, it is the supporters who are willing to spend money on tickets and merchandising, as evidenced by the real revolt of supporters of the clubs who wanted to participate in the Super League and who accused the management of treason, so this project in a few hours failed[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Something that golf leaders cannot understand, given that in these two countries the proletariat, the main reservoir of European supporters, has been replaced by immigrants (65.2% of the population of Qatar, 88.2% of the population of the United Arab Emirates), who are also treated under conditions comparable to slavery and therefore have little interest in local football.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And while it is true that in Europe the expansion of TV coverage has brought many people out of the stadium (not everywhere, given the growing number of viewers in Germany and the United Kingdom), that does not mean that the public has chosen to give up to follow small local clubs to take advantage of only 12 clubs in the world as hoped by the creators of the Super League.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As mentioned earlier, Qatar and the Emirates are pursuing different strategies. Paris St. Germain is controlled by the QIA Qatar Investment Authority, which, through political insight gained since working with the team, has received the government backing it needs to invest in Barclays, Sainsbury's, Harrods, Volkswagen, Walt Disney, Heathrow Airport in London, Siemens, Shell and a thousand other things to seize including some of the best hotels in Italy and especially Sardinia. Football is therefore a means of building trade relations, even befor[14]<\/sup><\/a>e diplomatic relations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the Emirates, this concept seems completely upside down. The national football league consists of 14 teams, of which at least three (the three clubs with the greatest tradition) belong to the family of Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan[15]<\/sup><\/a>. In no other country in the world do football teams personally belong to the strongman of the national regime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although the Emirates have four times the population of Qatar, the average Qatari League attendance is 11,000 fans and the Emirates less than half. This means that the UAE Championship is only essential for the image that the Al-Nahyan family is trying to establish in the world. Of course, on closer inspection there are trade deals as well[16]<\/sup><\/a>, but they don't seem that important, in part because the Mubadala Group prefers to build industry partnerships rather than just financial investment deals.[17]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

So what ? If the Champions League final isn't Manchester City v Paris St. Germain every year ... if those two teams don't always manage to win the domestic championship ... if fans continue to see both teams as English and French ... if all this is true, what is it? Does it make sense to throw so many billions every year into this bottomless abyss of European professional football?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/people\/profiles\/sheikh-mansour-richest-man-football-2052350.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190630210353\/https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/sport\/football\/2406994\/Bates-sells-off-Chelsea-to-a-Russian-billionaire.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/investment-committee\/khaldoon-al-mubarak<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/board-of-directors<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/corporate-structure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cityfootballgroup.com\/our-clubs\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sportspromedia.com\/news\/neymar-psg-qatar-national-bank-endorsement-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/it\/sociologia-del-calcio\/4160762\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/qds\/1132<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.the-afc.com\/competitions\/afc-champions-league\/latest\/news\/al-ain-lift-uae-pro-league-title-in-style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

Page 59 of 66 1 … 58 59 60 … 66
\n

Why all this money? To gain the affection, adhesion and sympathy of city dwellers, whose teams can achieve better sports results with UAE money? Modern sociology has argued for a quarter of a century that there is a process of irreversible change underway that will very soon erase any narrow perception of team membership - as is the case in American professional sport, of which clubs change seats relatively frequently \u2013 as soon as another municipal administration offers better infrastructure and better tax treatment. [11]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The proclamation of the title of UAE champion 2017-2018, won by FC Al Ain, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quite the opposite of what most Europeans perceive, which in turn is inextricably linked to belonging to a city or even a neighborhood. Above all, it is the supporters who are willing to spend money on tickets and merchandising, as evidenced by the real revolt of supporters of the clubs who wanted to participate in the Super League and who accused the management of treason, so this project in a few hours failed[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Something that golf leaders cannot understand, given that in these two countries the proletariat, the main reservoir of European supporters, has been replaced by immigrants (65.2% of the population of Qatar, 88.2% of the population of the United Arab Emirates), who are also treated under conditions comparable to slavery and therefore have little interest in local football.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And while it is true that in Europe the expansion of TV coverage has brought many people out of the stadium (not everywhere, given the growing number of viewers in Germany and the United Kingdom), that does not mean that the public has chosen to give up to follow small local clubs to take advantage of only 12 clubs in the world as hoped by the creators of the Super League.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As mentioned earlier, Qatar and the Emirates are pursuing different strategies. Paris St. Germain is controlled by the QIA Qatar Investment Authority, which, through political insight gained since working with the team, has received the government backing it needs to invest in Barclays, Sainsbury's, Harrods, Volkswagen, Walt Disney, Heathrow Airport in London, Siemens, Shell and a thousand other things to seize including some of the best hotels in Italy and especially Sardinia. Football is therefore a means of building trade relations, even befor[14]<\/sup><\/a>e diplomatic relations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the Emirates, this concept seems completely upside down. The national football league consists of 14 teams, of which at least three (the three clubs with the greatest tradition) belong to the family of Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan[15]<\/sup><\/a>. In no other country in the world do football teams personally belong to the strongman of the national regime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although the Emirates have four times the population of Qatar, the average Qatari League attendance is 11,000 fans and the Emirates less than half. This means that the UAE Championship is only essential for the image that the Al-Nahyan family is trying to establish in the world. Of course, on closer inspection there are trade deals as well[16]<\/sup><\/a>, but they don't seem that important, in part because the Mubadala Group prefers to build industry partnerships rather than just financial investment deals.[17]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

So what ? If the Champions League final isn't Manchester City v Paris St. Germain every year ... if those two teams don't always manage to win the domestic championship ... if fans continue to see both teams as English and French ... if all this is true, what is it? Does it make sense to throw so many billions every year into this bottomless abyss of European professional football?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/people\/profiles\/sheikh-mansour-richest-man-football-2052350.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190630210353\/https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/sport\/football\/2406994\/Bates-sells-off-Chelsea-to-a-Russian-billionaire.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/investment-committee\/khaldoon-al-mubarak<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/board-of-directors<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/corporate-structure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cityfootballgroup.com\/our-clubs\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sportspromedia.com\/news\/neymar-psg-qatar-national-bank-endorsement-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/it\/sociologia-del-calcio\/4160762\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/qds\/1132<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.the-afc.com\/competitions\/afc-champions-league\/latest\/news\/al-ain-lift-uae-pro-league-title-in-style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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In the fierce opposition between the Emirates and Qatar, the focus in Doha, in addition to the very expensive administration of Paris Saint-Germain[10]<\/sup><\/a>, is more on the organization of world-class events such as the FIFA Cup and the Formula 1 Grand Prix. From a Western perspective, both strategies are foolish and unnecessary, and in addition, they are carried out through the enslavement of thousands of immigrants and the elimination of substances that could be used in jobs that increase the standard of living of many Muslim populations, submerged by war, misery, from hostage-taking to diplomatic conflicts with a fictitious religious background.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Why all this money? To gain the affection, adhesion and sympathy of city dwellers, whose teams can achieve better sports results with UAE money? Modern sociology has argued for a quarter of a century that there is a process of irreversible change underway that will very soon erase any narrow perception of team membership - as is the case in American professional sport, of which clubs change seats relatively frequently \u2013 as soon as another municipal administration offers better infrastructure and better tax treatment. [11]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The proclamation of the title of UAE champion 2017-2018, won by FC Al Ain, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quite the opposite of what most Europeans perceive, which in turn is inextricably linked to belonging to a city or even a neighborhood. Above all, it is the supporters who are willing to spend money on tickets and merchandising, as evidenced by the real revolt of supporters of the clubs who wanted to participate in the Super League and who accused the management of treason, so this project in a few hours failed[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Something that golf leaders cannot understand, given that in these two countries the proletariat, the main reservoir of European supporters, has been replaced by immigrants (65.2% of the population of Qatar, 88.2% of the population of the United Arab Emirates), who are also treated under conditions comparable to slavery and therefore have little interest in local football.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And while it is true that in Europe the expansion of TV coverage has brought many people out of the stadium (not everywhere, given the growing number of viewers in Germany and the United Kingdom), that does not mean that the public has chosen to give up to follow small local clubs to take advantage of only 12 clubs in the world as hoped by the creators of the Super League.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As mentioned earlier, Qatar and the Emirates are pursuing different strategies. Paris St. Germain is controlled by the QIA Qatar Investment Authority, which, through political insight gained since working with the team, has received the government backing it needs to invest in Barclays, Sainsbury's, Harrods, Volkswagen, Walt Disney, Heathrow Airport in London, Siemens, Shell and a thousand other things to seize including some of the best hotels in Italy and especially Sardinia. Football is therefore a means of building trade relations, even befor[14]<\/sup><\/a>e diplomatic relations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the Emirates, this concept seems completely upside down. The national football league consists of 14 teams, of which at least three (the three clubs with the greatest tradition) belong to the family of Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan[15]<\/sup><\/a>. In no other country in the world do football teams personally belong to the strongman of the national regime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although the Emirates have four times the population of Qatar, the average Qatari League attendance is 11,000 fans and the Emirates less than half. This means that the UAE Championship is only essential for the image that the Al-Nahyan family is trying to establish in the world. Of course, on closer inspection there are trade deals as well[16]<\/sup><\/a>, but they don't seem that important, in part because the Mubadala Group prefers to build industry partnerships rather than just financial investment deals.[17]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

So what ? If the Champions League final isn't Manchester City v Paris St. Germain every year ... if those two teams don't always manage to win the domestic championship ... if fans continue to see both teams as English and French ... if all this is true, what is it? Does it make sense to throw so many billions every year into this bottomless abyss of European professional football?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/people\/profiles\/sheikh-mansour-richest-man-football-2052350.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190630210353\/https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/sport\/football\/2406994\/Bates-sells-off-Chelsea-to-a-Russian-billionaire.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/investment-committee\/khaldoon-al-mubarak<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/board-of-directors<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/corporate-structure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cityfootballgroup.com\/our-clubs\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sportspromedia.com\/news\/neymar-psg-qatar-national-bank-endorsement-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/it\/sociologia-del-calcio\/4160762\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/qds\/1132<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.the-afc.com\/competitions\/afc-champions-league\/latest\/news\/al-ain-lift-uae-pro-league-title-in-style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Manchester City shares, held by the Sheikh family, are held by a holding company, City Football Group Ltd., a Manchester-based company that also owns the New York City FC teams, Melbourne City, Australia), Yokohama F. Marinos (Japan), Montevideo City Torque (Uruguay), Girona (Spain), Sichuan Jiunju (China), Mumbay City (India), Lommel SK (Belgium) and Estac Troyes (France)[8]<\/sup><\/a>. There is no official data on the cost of this formidable roster of professional teams - to which must be added the $ 693 million paid to sponsor the Real Madrid and Arsenal London kits over a five-year period[9]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fierce opposition between the Emirates and Qatar, the focus in Doha, in addition to the very expensive administration of Paris Saint-Germain[10]<\/sup><\/a>, is more on the organization of world-class events such as the FIFA Cup and the Formula 1 Grand Prix. From a Western perspective, both strategies are foolish and unnecessary, and in addition, they are carried out through the enslavement of thousands of immigrants and the elimination of substances that could be used in jobs that increase the standard of living of many Muslim populations, submerged by war, misery, from hostage-taking to diplomatic conflicts with a fictitious religious background.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Why all this money? To gain the affection, adhesion and sympathy of city dwellers, whose teams can achieve better sports results with UAE money? Modern sociology has argued for a quarter of a century that there is a process of irreversible change underway that will very soon erase any narrow perception of team membership - as is the case in American professional sport, of which clubs change seats relatively frequently \u2013 as soon as another municipal administration offers better infrastructure and better tax treatment. [11]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The proclamation of the title of UAE champion 2017-2018, won by FC Al Ain, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quite the opposite of what most Europeans perceive, which in turn is inextricably linked to belonging to a city or even a neighborhood. Above all, it is the supporters who are willing to spend money on tickets and merchandising, as evidenced by the real revolt of supporters of the clubs who wanted to participate in the Super League and who accused the management of treason, so this project in a few hours failed[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Something that golf leaders cannot understand, given that in these two countries the proletariat, the main reservoir of European supporters, has been replaced by immigrants (65.2% of the population of Qatar, 88.2% of the population of the United Arab Emirates), who are also treated under conditions comparable to slavery and therefore have little interest in local football.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And while it is true that in Europe the expansion of TV coverage has brought many people out of the stadium (not everywhere, given the growing number of viewers in Germany and the United Kingdom), that does not mean that the public has chosen to give up to follow small local clubs to take advantage of only 12 clubs in the world as hoped by the creators of the Super League.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As mentioned earlier, Qatar and the Emirates are pursuing different strategies. Paris St. Germain is controlled by the QIA Qatar Investment Authority, which, through political insight gained since working with the team, has received the government backing it needs to invest in Barclays, Sainsbury's, Harrods, Volkswagen, Walt Disney, Heathrow Airport in London, Siemens, Shell and a thousand other things to seize including some of the best hotels in Italy and especially Sardinia. Football is therefore a means of building trade relations, even befor[14]<\/sup><\/a>e diplomatic relations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the Emirates, this concept seems completely upside down. The national football league consists of 14 teams, of which at least three (the three clubs with the greatest tradition) belong to the family of Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan[15]<\/sup><\/a>. In no other country in the world do football teams personally belong to the strongman of the national regime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although the Emirates have four times the population of Qatar, the average Qatari League attendance is 11,000 fans and the Emirates less than half. This means that the UAE Championship is only essential for the image that the Al-Nahyan family is trying to establish in the world. Of course, on closer inspection there are trade deals as well[16]<\/sup><\/a>, but they don't seem that important, in part because the Mubadala Group prefers to build industry partnerships rather than just financial investment deals.[17]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

So what ? If the Champions League final isn't Manchester City v Paris St. Germain every year ... if those two teams don't always manage to win the domestic championship ... if fans continue to see both teams as English and French ... if all this is true, what is it? Does it make sense to throw so many billions every year into this bottomless abyss of European professional football?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/people\/profiles\/sheikh-mansour-richest-man-football-2052350.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190630210353\/https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/sport\/football\/2406994\/Bates-sells-off-Chelsea-to-a-Russian-billionaire.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/investment-committee\/khaldoon-al-mubarak<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/board-of-directors<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/corporate-structure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cityfootballgroup.com\/our-clubs\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sportspromedia.com\/news\/neymar-psg-qatar-national-bank-endorsement-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/it\/sociologia-del-calcio\/4160762\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/qds\/1132<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.the-afc.com\/competitions\/afc-champions-league\/latest\/news\/al-ain-lift-uae-pro-league-title-in-style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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Of course, behind the sheikh is his whole family, because the manager of Manchester City is Khaldoon Al Mubarak, managing director and CEO of the Mubadala group, whose boss and main shareholder is Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and Mansour is the vice- President[5]<\/sup><\/a>. The Mubadala Group, a financial holding company that bills more than $ 240 billion a year[6]<\/sup><\/a>, is the result of the concentration of all financial, construction, industrial and military activities in the United Arab Emirates[7]<\/sup><\/a> - and is the project with which Mohammed Bin is preparing. Zayed Al-Nahyan his country for a world where oil is no longer as central as it is today. To understand the size, the country's total national gross domestic product is $ 420 billion, less than double the sales of a single company.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City shares, held by the Sheikh family, are held by a holding company, City Football Group Ltd., a Manchester-based company that also owns the New York City FC teams, Melbourne City, Australia), Yokohama F. Marinos (Japan), Montevideo City Torque (Uruguay), Girona (Spain), Sichuan Jiunju (China), Mumbay City (India), Lommel SK (Belgium) and Estac Troyes (France)[8]<\/sup><\/a>. There is no official data on the cost of this formidable roster of professional teams - to which must be added the $ 693 million paid to sponsor the Real Madrid and Arsenal London kits over a five-year period[9]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fierce opposition between the Emirates and Qatar, the focus in Doha, in addition to the very expensive administration of Paris Saint-Germain[10]<\/sup><\/a>, is more on the organization of world-class events such as the FIFA Cup and the Formula 1 Grand Prix. From a Western perspective, both strategies are foolish and unnecessary, and in addition, they are carried out through the enslavement of thousands of immigrants and the elimination of substances that could be used in jobs that increase the standard of living of many Muslim populations, submerged by war, misery, from hostage-taking to diplomatic conflicts with a fictitious religious background.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Why all this money? To gain the affection, adhesion and sympathy of city dwellers, whose teams can achieve better sports results with UAE money? Modern sociology has argued for a quarter of a century that there is a process of irreversible change underway that will very soon erase any narrow perception of team membership - as is the case in American professional sport, of which clubs change seats relatively frequently \u2013 as soon as another municipal administration offers better infrastructure and better tax treatment. [11]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The proclamation of the title of UAE champion 2017-2018, won by FC Al Ain, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quite the opposite of what most Europeans perceive, which in turn is inextricably linked to belonging to a city or even a neighborhood. Above all, it is the supporters who are willing to spend money on tickets and merchandising, as evidenced by the real revolt of supporters of the clubs who wanted to participate in the Super League and who accused the management of treason, so this project in a few hours failed[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Something that golf leaders cannot understand, given that in these two countries the proletariat, the main reservoir of European supporters, has been replaced by immigrants (65.2% of the population of Qatar, 88.2% of the population of the United Arab Emirates), who are also treated under conditions comparable to slavery and therefore have little interest in local football.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And while it is true that in Europe the expansion of TV coverage has brought many people out of the stadium (not everywhere, given the growing number of viewers in Germany and the United Kingdom), that does not mean that the public has chosen to give up to follow small local clubs to take advantage of only 12 clubs in the world as hoped by the creators of the Super League.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As mentioned earlier, Qatar and the Emirates are pursuing different strategies. Paris St. Germain is controlled by the QIA Qatar Investment Authority, which, through political insight gained since working with the team, has received the government backing it needs to invest in Barclays, Sainsbury's, Harrods, Volkswagen, Walt Disney, Heathrow Airport in London, Siemens, Shell and a thousand other things to seize including some of the best hotels in Italy and especially Sardinia. Football is therefore a means of building trade relations, even befor[14]<\/sup><\/a>e diplomatic relations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the Emirates, this concept seems completely upside down. The national football league consists of 14 teams, of which at least three (the three clubs with the greatest tradition) belong to the family of Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan[15]<\/sup><\/a>. In no other country in the world do football teams personally belong to the strongman of the national regime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although the Emirates have four times the population of Qatar, the average Qatari League attendance is 11,000 fans and the Emirates less than half. This means that the UAE Championship is only essential for the image that the Al-Nahyan family is trying to establish in the world. Of course, on closer inspection there are trade deals as well[16]<\/sup><\/a>, but they don't seem that important, in part because the Mubadala Group prefers to build industry partnerships rather than just financial investment deals.[17]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

So what ? If the Champions League final isn't Manchester City v Paris St. Germain every year ... if those two teams don't always manage to win the domestic championship ... if fans continue to see both teams as English and French ... if all this is true, what is it? Does it make sense to throw so many billions every year into this bottomless abyss of European professional football?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/people\/profiles\/sheikh-mansour-richest-man-football-2052350.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190630210353\/https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/sport\/football\/2406994\/Bates-sells-off-Chelsea-to-a-Russian-billionaire.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/investment-committee\/khaldoon-al-mubarak<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/board-of-directors<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/corporate-structure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cityfootballgroup.com\/our-clubs\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sportspromedia.com\/news\/neymar-psg-qatar-national-bank-endorsement-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/it\/sociologia-del-calcio\/4160762\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/qds\/1132<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.the-afc.com\/competitions\/afc-champions-league\/latest\/news\/al-ain-lift-uae-pro-league-title-in-style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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On May 29, the UAE's ruling family, that of Sheikh Al-Nahyan[2]<\/sup><\/a>, was defeated by that of Russian oil tanker Roman Abramovich[3]<\/sup><\/a>, who won the trophy for the world's most important football club for the second time in ten years. To achieve this, Sheikh Mansour Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, the younger brother of Abu Dhabi leader Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, paid $ 4 billion to buy the club's shares and is now spending around $ 600 million, that's $ 80 million more than Chelsea every year to bring Manchester City to the forefront of Europe. [4]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, behind the sheikh is his whole family, because the manager of Manchester City is Khaldoon Al Mubarak, managing director and CEO of the Mubadala group, whose boss and main shareholder is Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and Mansour is the vice- President[5]<\/sup><\/a>. The Mubadala Group, a financial holding company that bills more than $ 240 billion a year[6]<\/sup><\/a>, is the result of the concentration of all financial, construction, industrial and military activities in the United Arab Emirates[7]<\/sup><\/a> - and is the project with which Mohammed Bin is preparing. Zayed Al-Nahyan his country for a world where oil is no longer as central as it is today. To understand the size, the country's total national gross domestic product is $ 420 billion, less than double the sales of a single company.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City shares, held by the Sheikh family, are held by a holding company, City Football Group Ltd., a Manchester-based company that also owns the New York City FC teams, Melbourne City, Australia), Yokohama F. Marinos (Japan), Montevideo City Torque (Uruguay), Girona (Spain), Sichuan Jiunju (China), Mumbay City (India), Lommel SK (Belgium) and Estac Troyes (France)[8]<\/sup><\/a>. There is no official data on the cost of this formidable roster of professional teams - to which must be added the $ 693 million paid to sponsor the Real Madrid and Arsenal London kits over a five-year period[9]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fierce opposition between the Emirates and Qatar, the focus in Doha, in addition to the very expensive administration of Paris Saint-Germain[10]<\/sup><\/a>, is more on the organization of world-class events such as the FIFA Cup and the Formula 1 Grand Prix. From a Western perspective, both strategies are foolish and unnecessary, and in addition, they are carried out through the enslavement of thousands of immigrants and the elimination of substances that could be used in jobs that increase the standard of living of many Muslim populations, submerged by war, misery, from hostage-taking to diplomatic conflicts with a fictitious religious background.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Why all this money? To gain the affection, adhesion and sympathy of city dwellers, whose teams can achieve better sports results with UAE money? Modern sociology has argued for a quarter of a century that there is a process of irreversible change underway that will very soon erase any narrow perception of team membership - as is the case in American professional sport, of which clubs change seats relatively frequently \u2013 as soon as another municipal administration offers better infrastructure and better tax treatment. [11]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The proclamation of the title of UAE champion 2017-2018, won by FC Al Ain, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quite the opposite of what most Europeans perceive, which in turn is inextricably linked to belonging to a city or even a neighborhood. Above all, it is the supporters who are willing to spend money on tickets and merchandising, as evidenced by the real revolt of supporters of the clubs who wanted to participate in the Super League and who accused the management of treason, so this project in a few hours failed[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Something that golf leaders cannot understand, given that in these two countries the proletariat, the main reservoir of European supporters, has been replaced by immigrants (65.2% of the population of Qatar, 88.2% of the population of the United Arab Emirates), who are also treated under conditions comparable to slavery and therefore have little interest in local football.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And while it is true that in Europe the expansion of TV coverage has brought many people out of the stadium (not everywhere, given the growing number of viewers in Germany and the United Kingdom), that does not mean that the public has chosen to give up to follow small local clubs to take advantage of only 12 clubs in the world as hoped by the creators of the Super League.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As mentioned earlier, Qatar and the Emirates are pursuing different strategies. Paris St. Germain is controlled by the QIA Qatar Investment Authority, which, through political insight gained since working with the team, has received the government backing it needs to invest in Barclays, Sainsbury's, Harrods, Volkswagen, Walt Disney, Heathrow Airport in London, Siemens, Shell and a thousand other things to seize including some of the best hotels in Italy and especially Sardinia. Football is therefore a means of building trade relations, even befor[14]<\/sup><\/a>e diplomatic relations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the Emirates, this concept seems completely upside down. The national football league consists of 14 teams, of which at least three (the three clubs with the greatest tradition) belong to the family of Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan[15]<\/sup><\/a>. In no other country in the world do football teams personally belong to the strongman of the national regime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although the Emirates have four times the population of Qatar, the average Qatari League attendance is 11,000 fans and the Emirates less than half. This means that the UAE Championship is only essential for the image that the Al-Nahyan family is trying to establish in the world. Of course, on closer inspection there are trade deals as well[16]<\/sup><\/a>, but they don't seem that important, in part because the Mubadala Group prefers to build industry partnerships rather than just financial investment deals.[17]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

So what ? If the Champions League final isn't Manchester City v Paris St. Germain every year ... if those two teams don't always manage to win the domestic championship ... if fans continue to see both teams as English and French ... if all this is true, what is it? Does it make sense to throw so many billions every year into this bottomless abyss of European professional football?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/people\/profiles\/sheikh-mansour-richest-man-football-2052350.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190630210353\/https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/sport\/football\/2406994\/Bates-sells-off-Chelsea-to-a-Russian-billionaire.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/investment-committee\/khaldoon-al-mubarak<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/board-of-directors<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/corporate-structure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cityfootballgroup.com\/our-clubs\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sportspromedia.com\/news\/neymar-psg-qatar-national-bank-endorsement-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/it\/sociologia-del-calcio\/4160762\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/qds\/1132<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.the-afc.com\/competitions\/afc-champions-league\/latest\/news\/al-ain-lift-uae-pro-league-title-in-style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\n

On Saturday 29 May, Chelsea London won the Champions League at the Porto Stadium, beating Manchester City 1-0. It sounds like sports news, but it isn't. Like the attempt by several of Europe's biggest clubs to create a Super League that no longer participates in national leagues but is an exclusive association of the richest teams in the world[1]<\/sup><\/a>, there is much more at stake than a ball and 22 boys. in shorts chasing after him. It is a very important political, social and economic issue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On May 29, the UAE's ruling family, that of Sheikh Al-Nahyan[2]<\/sup><\/a>, was defeated by that of Russian oil tanker Roman Abramovich[3]<\/sup><\/a>, who won the trophy for the world's most important football club for the second time in ten years. To achieve this, Sheikh Mansour Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, the younger brother of Abu Dhabi leader Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, paid $ 4 billion to buy the club's shares and is now spending around $ 600 million, that's $ 80 million more than Chelsea every year to bring Manchester City to the forefront of Europe. [4]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, behind the sheikh is his whole family, because the manager of Manchester City is Khaldoon Al Mubarak, managing director and CEO of the Mubadala group, whose boss and main shareholder is Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and Mansour is the vice- President[5]<\/sup><\/a>. The Mubadala Group, a financial holding company that bills more than $ 240 billion a year[6]<\/sup><\/a>, is the result of the concentration of all financial, construction, industrial and military activities in the United Arab Emirates[7]<\/sup><\/a> - and is the project with which Mohammed Bin is preparing. Zayed Al-Nahyan his country for a world where oil is no longer as central as it is today. To understand the size, the country's total national gross domestic product is $ 420 billion, less than double the sales of a single company.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City shares, held by the Sheikh family, are held by a holding company, City Football Group Ltd., a Manchester-based company that also owns the New York City FC teams, Melbourne City, Australia), Yokohama F. Marinos (Japan), Montevideo City Torque (Uruguay), Girona (Spain), Sichuan Jiunju (China), Mumbay City (India), Lommel SK (Belgium) and Estac Troyes (France)[8]<\/sup><\/a>. There is no official data on the cost of this formidable roster of professional teams - to which must be added the $ 693 million paid to sponsor the Real Madrid and Arsenal London kits over a five-year period[9]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fierce opposition between the Emirates and Qatar, the focus in Doha, in addition to the very expensive administration of Paris Saint-Germain[10]<\/sup><\/a>, is more on the organization of world-class events such as the FIFA Cup and the Formula 1 Grand Prix. From a Western perspective, both strategies are foolish and unnecessary, and in addition, they are carried out through the enslavement of thousands of immigrants and the elimination of substances that could be used in jobs that increase the standard of living of many Muslim populations, submerged by war, misery, from hostage-taking to diplomatic conflicts with a fictitious religious background.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Why all this money? To gain the affection, adhesion and sympathy of city dwellers, whose teams can achieve better sports results with UAE money? Modern sociology has argued for a quarter of a century that there is a process of irreversible change underway that will very soon erase any narrow perception of team membership - as is the case in American professional sport, of which clubs change seats relatively frequently \u2013 as soon as another municipal administration offers better infrastructure and better tax treatment. [11]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The proclamation of the title of UAE champion 2017-2018, won by FC Al Ain, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quite the opposite of what most Europeans perceive, which in turn is inextricably linked to belonging to a city or even a neighborhood. Above all, it is the supporters who are willing to spend money on tickets and merchandising, as evidenced by the real revolt of supporters of the clubs who wanted to participate in the Super League and who accused the management of treason, so this project in a few hours failed[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Something that golf leaders cannot understand, given that in these two countries the proletariat, the main reservoir of European supporters, has been replaced by immigrants (65.2% of the population of Qatar, 88.2% of the population of the United Arab Emirates), who are also treated under conditions comparable to slavery and therefore have little interest in local football.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And while it is true that in Europe the expansion of TV coverage has brought many people out of the stadium (not everywhere, given the growing number of viewers in Germany and the United Kingdom), that does not mean that the public has chosen to give up to follow small local clubs to take advantage of only 12 clubs in the world as hoped by the creators of the Super League.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As mentioned earlier, Qatar and the Emirates are pursuing different strategies. Paris St. Germain is controlled by the QIA Qatar Investment Authority, which, through political insight gained since working with the team, has received the government backing it needs to invest in Barclays, Sainsbury's, Harrods, Volkswagen, Walt Disney, Heathrow Airport in London, Siemens, Shell and a thousand other things to seize including some of the best hotels in Italy and especially Sardinia. Football is therefore a means of building trade relations, even befor[14]<\/sup><\/a>e diplomatic relations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the Emirates, this concept seems completely upside down. The national football league consists of 14 teams, of which at least three (the three clubs with the greatest tradition) belong to the family of Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan[15]<\/sup><\/a>. In no other country in the world do football teams personally belong to the strongman of the national regime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although the Emirates have four times the population of Qatar, the average Qatari League attendance is 11,000 fans and the Emirates less than half. This means that the UAE Championship is only essential for the image that the Al-Nahyan family is trying to establish in the world. Of course, on closer inspection there are trade deals as well[16]<\/sup><\/a>, but they don't seem that important, in part because the Mubadala Group prefers to build industry partnerships rather than just financial investment deals.[17]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

So what ? If the Champions League final isn't Manchester City v Paris St. Germain every year ... if those two teams don't always manage to win the domestic championship ... if fans continue to see both teams as English and French ... if all this is true, what is it? Does it make sense to throw so many billions every year into this bottomless abyss of European professional football?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/people\/profiles\/sheikh-mansour-richest-man-football-2052350.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190630210353\/https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/sport\/football\/2406994\/Bates-sells-off-Chelsea-to-a-Russian-billionaire.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/investment-committee\/khaldoon-al-mubarak<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/board-of-directors<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/corporate-structure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cityfootballgroup.com\/our-clubs\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sportspromedia.com\/news\/neymar-psg-qatar-national-bank-endorsement-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/it\/sociologia-del-calcio\/4160762\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/qds\/1132<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.the-afc.com\/competitions\/afc-champions-league\/latest\/news\/al-ain-lift-uae-pro-league-title-in-style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Saturday 29 May, Chelsea London won the Champions League at the Porto Stadium, beating Manchester City 1-0. It sounds like sports news, but it isn't. Like the attempt by several of Europe's biggest clubs to create a Super League that no longer participates in national leagues but is an exclusive association of the richest teams in the world[1]<\/sup><\/a>, there is much more at stake than a ball and 22 boys. in shorts chasing after him. It is a very important political, social and economic issue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On May 29, the UAE's ruling family, that of Sheikh Al-Nahyan[2]<\/sup><\/a>, was defeated by that of Russian oil tanker Roman Abramovich[3]<\/sup><\/a>, who won the trophy for the world's most important football club for the second time in ten years. To achieve this, Sheikh Mansour Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, the younger brother of Abu Dhabi leader Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, paid $ 4 billion to buy the club's shares and is now spending around $ 600 million, that's $ 80 million more than Chelsea every year to bring Manchester City to the forefront of Europe. [4]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, behind the sheikh is his whole family, because the manager of Manchester City is Khaldoon Al Mubarak, managing director and CEO of the Mubadala group, whose boss and main shareholder is Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and Mansour is the vice- President[5]<\/sup><\/a>. The Mubadala Group, a financial holding company that bills more than $ 240 billion a year[6]<\/sup><\/a>, is the result of the concentration of all financial, construction, industrial and military activities in the United Arab Emirates[7]<\/sup><\/a> - and is the project with which Mohammed Bin is preparing. Zayed Al-Nahyan his country for a world where oil is no longer as central as it is today. To understand the size, the country's total national gross domestic product is $ 420 billion, less than double the sales of a single company.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manchester City shares, held by the Sheikh family, are held by a holding company, City Football Group Ltd., a Manchester-based company that also owns the New York City FC teams, Melbourne City, Australia), Yokohama F. Marinos (Japan), Montevideo City Torque (Uruguay), Girona (Spain), Sichuan Jiunju (China), Mumbay City (India), Lommel SK (Belgium) and Estac Troyes (France)[8]<\/sup><\/a>. There is no official data on the cost of this formidable roster of professional teams - to which must be added the $ 693 million paid to sponsor the Real Madrid and Arsenal London kits over a five-year period[9]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fierce opposition between the Emirates and Qatar, the focus in Doha, in addition to the very expensive administration of Paris Saint-Germain[10]<\/sup><\/a>, is more on the organization of world-class events such as the FIFA Cup and the Formula 1 Grand Prix. From a Western perspective, both strategies are foolish and unnecessary, and in addition, they are carried out through the enslavement of thousands of immigrants and the elimination of substances that could be used in jobs that increase the standard of living of many Muslim populations, submerged by war, misery, from hostage-taking to diplomatic conflicts with a fictitious religious background.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Why all this money? To gain the affection, adhesion and sympathy of city dwellers, whose teams can achieve better sports results with UAE money? Modern sociology has argued for a quarter of a century that there is a process of irreversible change underway that will very soon erase any narrow perception of team membership - as is the case in American professional sport, of which clubs change seats relatively frequently \u2013 as soon as another municipal administration offers better infrastructure and better tax treatment. [11]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The proclamation of the title of UAE champion 2017-2018, won by FC Al Ain, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quite the opposite of what most Europeans perceive, which in turn is inextricably linked to belonging to a city or even a neighborhood. Above all, it is the supporters who are willing to spend money on tickets and merchandising, as evidenced by the real revolt of supporters of the clubs who wanted to participate in the Super League and who accused the management of treason, so this project in a few hours failed[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Something that golf leaders cannot understand, given that in these two countries the proletariat, the main reservoir of European supporters, has been replaced by immigrants (65.2% of the population of Qatar, 88.2% of the population of the United Arab Emirates), who are also treated under conditions comparable to slavery and therefore have little interest in local football.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And while it is true that in Europe the expansion of TV coverage has brought many people out of the stadium (not everywhere, given the growing number of viewers in Germany and the United Kingdom), that does not mean that the public has chosen to give up to follow small local clubs to take advantage of only 12 clubs in the world as hoped by the creators of the Super League.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As mentioned earlier, Qatar and the Emirates are pursuing different strategies. Paris St. Germain is controlled by the QIA Qatar Investment Authority, which, through political insight gained since working with the team, has received the government backing it needs to invest in Barclays, Sainsbury's, Harrods, Volkswagen, Walt Disney, Heathrow Airport in London, Siemens, Shell and a thousand other things to seize including some of the best hotels in Italy and especially Sardinia. Football is therefore a means of building trade relations, even befor[14]<\/sup><\/a>e diplomatic relations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the Emirates, this concept seems completely upside down. The national football league consists of 14 teams, of which at least three (the three clubs with the greatest tradition) belong to the family of Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan[15]<\/sup><\/a>. In no other country in the world do football teams personally belong to the strongman of the national regime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although the Emirates have four times the population of Qatar, the average Qatari League attendance is 11,000 fans and the Emirates less than half. This means that the UAE Championship is only essential for the image that the Al-Nahyan family is trying to establish in the world. Of course, on closer inspection there are trade deals as well[16]<\/sup><\/a>, but they don't seem that important, in part because the Mubadala Group prefers to build industry partnerships rather than just financial investment deals.[17]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

So what ? If the Champions League final isn't Manchester City v Paris St. Germain every year ... if those two teams don't always manage to win the domestic championship ... if fans continue to see both teams as English and French ... if all this is true, what is it? Does it make sense to throw so many billions every year into this bottomless abyss of European professional football?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/people\/profiles\/sheikh-mansour-richest-man-football-2052350.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190630210353\/https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/sport\/football\/2406994\/Bates-sells-off-Chelsea-to-a-Russian-billionaire.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/investment-committee\/khaldoon-al-mubarak<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/board-of-directors<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/corporate-structure<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cityfootballgroup.com\/our-clubs\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/mikeozanian\/2021\/04\/12\/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-barcelona-on-top-at-48-billion\/?sh=421d05616ac5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sportspromedia.com\/news\/neymar-psg-qatar-national-bank-endorsement-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.docsity.com\/it\/sociologia-del-calcio\/4160762\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/qds\/1132<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a> https:\/\/www.the-afc.com\/competitions\/afc-champions-league\/latest\/news\/al-ain-lift-uae-pro-league-title-in-style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/culture\/european-soccer-super-league\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.tuttocagliari.net\/altre-notizie\/psg-e-non-solo-la-famiglia-al-thani-patrimonio-da-627-miliardi-di-dollari-19421<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UAE_Pro_League<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/treaty-files\/425\/download<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mubadala.com\/en\/who-we-are\/partnerships<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"As the Champions League was lost in Abu Dhabi","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"as-the-champions-league-was-lost-in-abu-dhabi","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5368","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5355,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:14:19","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 25 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/exclusive-un-tribunal-lebanon-runs-out-funds-beiruts-crisis-spills-over-2021-05-25\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A U.N. tribunal set up to prosecute those behind the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri has run out of funding amid Lebanon\u2019s economic and political crisis, threatening plans for future trials, people involved in the process said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Closing the tribunal would dash the hopes of families of victims in the Hariri murder and other attacks, but also those demanding that a U.N. tribunal bring to justice those responsible for the Beirut port blast last August that killed 200 and injured 6,500.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Last year the U.N. Special Tribunal for Lebanon, located outside of The Hague, convicted former Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash for the bombing that killed Hariri and 21 others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayyash was sentenced in absentia to five life terms in prison, while three alleged accomplices were acquitted due to insufficient evidence. read more <\/a>. Both sides have appealed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The court had been scheduled to start a second trial on June 16 against Ayyash, who is accused of another assassination and attacks against Lebanese politicians in 2004 and 2005 in the run-up to the Hariri bombing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Tuesday said he was aware of the court\u2019s financial problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Secretary-General continues to urge member states and the international community for voluntary contributions in order to secure the funds required to support the independent judicial proceedings that remain before the tribunal,\u201c U.N. Deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The funding shortfall comes as Lebanon faces its worst turmoil since Hariri\u2019s assassination. The country is deeply polarized between supporters of Iranian-backed militant group Hezbollah and its allies and supporters of Hariri\u2019s son, prime minister designate Saad al-Hariri, who declined to comment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

FINANCES \u201eVERY CONCERNING\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIf you abort the tribunal, if you abort this case, you are giving a free gift to the perpetrators and to those who do not want justice to take place,\u201c Nidal Jurdi, a lawyer for the victims in the second case, told Reuters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scrapping a new trial would not only harm victims who waited 17 years for the case to come to court, but would undermine accountability for crimes in Lebanon in general, Jurdi said, adding that a letter had been sent to the U.N. expressing concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It would be \u201ea disappointment for the victims of the connected cases and the victims of Lebanon\u201c, he said, appealing for international funding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eLebanon needs full accountability,\u201c he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Created by a 2007 U.N. Security Council resolution and opened in 2009, the tribunal\u2019s budget last year was 55 million euros ($67 million) with Lebanon footing 49% of the bill and foreign donors and the U.N. members making up the rest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon is in a very concerning financial position,\u201c court spokeswoman Wajed Ramadan told Reuters. \u201eNo decision has yet been taken on judicial proceedings and there are intense fundraising efforts going on to find a solution,\u201c she added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The U.N. extended the mandate of the tribunal from March 1, 2021, for two years or sooner if the remaining cases were completed or funding ran out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres warned in February that due to the financial crisis in Lebanon, the government\u2019s contribution was uncertain and warned the court may not be able to continue its work after the first quarter of 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 2021 budget had been trimmed by nearly 40 percent, forcing job cuts at the court, but the Lebanese government has still been unable to pay its share, according to U.N. documents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guterres requested an appropriation of about $25 million from the U.N. General Assembly for 2021. The General Assembly approved $15.5 million in March.<\/p>\n","post_title":"EXCLUSIVE U.N. tribunal for Lebanon runs out of funds as Beirut\u2019s crisis spills over","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"exclusive-u-n-tribunal-for-lebanon-runs-out-of-funds-as-beiruts-crisis-spills-over","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5355","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5343,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-30 21:04:21","post_content":"\n

originally published:<\/em> 30 May 2021<\/strong> | origin:<\/em> https:\/\/www.omanobserver.om\/article\/1101592\/business\/unprecedented-19-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Electricity consumption dipped a modest, but unprecedented, 1.9 percent to 33,156 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in 2020, reversing for the first time since the sector was restructured in 2005 a year-on-year trend in power demand growth averaging around 4-6 percent annually.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The slump, as with most other aspects of national economic and social life over the past year, was attributed to widespread disruption unleashed by the economic downturn compounded by the coronavirus pandemic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to figures released by Nama Group, the holding company of government-owned power assets and related service providers, subsidy disbursed by the government to the sector also declined slightly to RO 614.98 million in 2020, down from RO 624.69 million a year earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsidy typically accounts for roughly half of the economic cost of power generation, distribution and supply to Oman\u2019s estimated 1.3 million customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Less than one percent of this total \u2014 comprising large government, industrial and commercial customers with a consumption of over 150 megawatt-hours per annum \u2014 pay subsidy-free cost-reflective tariffs. Besides electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply costs, the overall economic cost of supplying power also includes depreciation cost, operation and maintenance costs, interest on borrowings, general and administrative expenses, and tax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Significantly, the subsidy per unit of electricity supplied by Nama Group subsidiaries last year also grew moderately to RO 18.550 per unit last year, up from RO 18.480 in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, starting from 2021, the overall subsidy component is expected to gradually decline in line with a phased strategy by the government to eliminate subsidy altogether over the next five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically vulnerable residential customers however will be eligible for some assistance in lieu when the subsidy is fully withdrawn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In another highlight of 2020, Nama Group reported a 2.82 percent improvement in the utilization of natural gas towards electricity generation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The improved efficiency in fuel utilization was attributed to the operationalization of two newly developed Independent Power Projects Sohar-3 and Ibri-1 during the previous year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, electricity losses recorded a slight spike to 9.80 percent in 2020, up from 9.67 percent in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nama Group, comprising as many as 12 subsidiaries, posted a 4.77 percent increase in Group revenue, which climbed to RO 1.31 billion in 2020. Profit After Tax rose 12.29 per cent to RO 67.82 million in 2020. The Group\u2019s total assets reached RO 6.75 billion at the end of last year.<\/p>\n","post_title":"Unprecedented 1.9% decline in Oman\u2019s power demand last year","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"unprecedented-1-9-decline-in-omans-power-demand-last-year","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5343","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5318,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-23 22:10:10","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who among us is not registered in at least one social network? The choice is vast: LinkedIn (in the workplace), Instagram (for beautiful images), Twitter (for \"flying\" thoughts and aphorisms), TikTok (loved by the younger generations, full of irony and music videos), and then again WhatsApp and Telegram (to converse) and the most famous of all - Facebook, to maintain relations with friends. They are flexible, very fast tools, to which we entrust our most intimate thoughts, our tastes, our fears and our passions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What would happen if, suddenly, there was a system to record everything you do, say and are told, to manipulate your opinion, to artificially shift your attention away from important things and even to get you to vote for the candidate wanted by \"their\"? Who are they? Who can ever have a reason to make you vote Donald Trump, or get the UK out of the European Union? Today, these questions are answered: a computer marketing company called Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It did so by collecting all the data from social networks (especially Facebook), analyzing them, studying our individual preferences in terms of food, books, travel and, above all, opinions. He did it for money, no matter who paid. It did so by suggesting content to the customer - content that met the tastes of the majority of users who, in this way, received advertising stimuli without realizing it, most of the time in the form of electronic avatars which, once accepted as \"friends\", covered the wall of manipulative messages, fake news, invitations to anger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nothing dangerous, you say? For Christopher Wylie, one of the nerds who worked on the algorithms and programs used by Cambridge Analytica, the results of the American elections were enough to convince him otherwise and be overwhelmed by the horror of all the things that can be achieved in this way. It was he, one of the tricks of Donald Trump's victorious electoral campaign, who told the British and American magistrates this story from the inside: the secret ties, the dark mechanisms, the battle of interests and capital[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The judiciary reacted immediately: Cambridge Analytica's contracts were declared illegal, the group's companies filed for bankruptcy but, as in the best action films, this was not the end: the technology, the staff, the data, the network commercial and political, as well as the company's capital, have been transferred to a new entity, Emerdata Plc, which is even more mysterious and uncontrollable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Story of unscrupulous entrepreneurs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah (left), Alexander Nix (right), the founders of Cambridge Analytica<\/sub><\/strong>[2]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a very recent story: on July 20, 2005, in London, the American entrepreneur Robert Mercer, together with the very young advertising consultant Alexander Nix (he was 30 years old), founded an advertising and electoral consultancy company, the SCL Group (Strategic Communication Laboratories ), which wants to help companies prepare advertising campaigns for their products and politicians to prepare their individual electoral campaigns[3]<\/a>. The initial group is a mixture of advertising experts (such as Roger Michael Gabb, Nigel and Alexander Oakes), of crypto data analysts (such as John Bottomley[4]<\/a>), with surprising and unscrupulous ideas, which Mercer approaches personalities of politics and finance with money to make any dream come true[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SCL technicians are personally supported by a historical leader of the English right, Colonel Sir Geoffrey Edwin Pattie[6]<\/a>, Margaret Thatcher's minister[7]<\/a>, who has always supported the idea that the army must have sophisticated technological systems to defend itself on the internet[8]<\/a>) - and by other right-wing extremists like Julian Wheatland[9]<\/a>. But the most famous initial financier of SCL is the exiled Iranian businessman Vincent Tchenguiz, shareholder of SCL through his Consensus Business Group[10]<\/a>: already involved in a major financial scandal, from which he will later be acquitted[11]<\/a>, Tchenguiz is still engaged in espionage[12]<\/a> and invests in Israeli military technology[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The company initially had a single client, brokered by Sir Pattie, but in the short space of a few months, SCL obtains important new contracts with several defense ministries in NATO countries[14]<\/a>. At the same time, the money used in the various projects also grows, and for this the contributions of the Mercer family and Steve Bannon were fundamental, and with the increase in the number of customers, the need to have a boutique for the best customers also arises: Cambridge Analytica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is a former IBM technician, who became a billionaire thanks to a company that studies artificial intelligence, Renaissance Technologies Llc[15]<\/a>, and further enriched himself by speculating on the stock market, managing hedge funds and accompanying Donald Trump's commercial career[16]<\/a>. Mercer will also ask Trump to invest in Cambridge Analytica[17]<\/a>, after the two billionaires became friends and discovered that they have common ideas that unite them to the extreme right-wing supremacist and undemocratic[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mercer is the founder of the far-right blog \"Breitbart News,\"[19]<\/a> which he later succumbed to his daughters \"for personal reasons,\" as they both share his extremist views. His daughter Rebekah[20]<\/a> is the owner of the \"Center Firearms Co\" gun shop, accused of financing the assault on Capitol Hill in 2019[21]<\/a>. The family has been donating large sums to the Republican Party for years[22]<\/a>, financing Steve Bannon's propaganda activities[23]<\/a> and Donald Trump's commercial activities[24]<\/a>, for which Rebekah recently formed her own lobbying group, Making America Great, headed by Emily Cornell, ex Cambridge Analytica executive[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Steve Bannon<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Robert Mercer is a shy man, and the only visible signs of his existence are the billionaire yachts he buys, all called Sea Owl[26]<\/a>; plus a set of $ 2.9 million model trains, plus billions more paid to climate-denying NGOs (Heartland Institute, CO2 Coalition and Cato Institute[27]<\/a>) and finally his favorite toy, Breitbart News[28]<\/a>, an online newspaper that publishes campaigns based on lies, which splashes mud on the enemies of the American far right, which seeks to defeat, in a Darwinistic-post-industrial key, those that Mercer and his dolphin, Steve Bannon consider the two greatest woes of our time: liberalism and democracy[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stephen Bannon led Breitbart from its founding to 2018, when an argument with Trump made him decide to leave[30]<\/a> - only briefly, because Bannon, who has since joined Cambridge Analytica's management[31]<\/a> and shareholder base, is a man Trump does not. he can renounce: and in fact, in 2017, he appoints him as a member of the Security Council of the United States, where he will be the inspirer of the Muslim Travel Ban and of the \"wall\" on the border with Mexico[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After the election, Bannon was considered \"Trump's black mind\"[33]<\/a>, especially after he was able to persuade the new president to unilaterally withdraw the United States from the Paris climate deal[34]<\/a> to please conservative industrialists. In November 2018, Bannon was investigated by the Senate for his relations with George Papadopoulos (later sentenced to 14 days in prison) and William Page, two former advisers in Trump's presidential campaign accused of being in contact with Russian secret agents (Russiagate[35]<\/a>) and with managers of the Russian oil group LukOil[36]<\/a>; a few days later the investigation was also extended to his activities in Cambridge Analytica[37]<\/a>, convincing Bannon, who feared arrest, to emigrate to Europe[38]<\/a> and create the \"The Movement\" project to bring together the populist leaders of the Old Continent[39]<\/a>, promote nationalism economic and right-wing populism in Europe - a movement that Matteo Salvini has joined since 2018[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Children of a lesser nerd<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandr Kogan (left) and Christopher Wylie (right)<\/sub><\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump, Mercer and Bannon are great puppeteers, people used to dealing with the powerful and running global campaigns. Cambridge Analytica is mainly made up of nerds who, following their creativity, discover computerized systems of manipulation of consent. Cambridge Analytica, founded in 2013 as a subsidiary of the SCL Group of Mercer, Tchenguiz and Bannon, has set itself, from the outset, the aim of \"changing public behavior\"[42]<\/a>. She specializes in \"election management strategies\" and \"messaging and information operations\", already perfected by obscure nerds, in obscure small IT companies with military contracts, over 25 years of operations in places like Afghanistan and Pakistan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In military circles this is known as \"psyops\" - psychological operations[43]<\/a>, which serve to reduce the enemy's will to fight. Cambridge Analytica initially uses that software for micromarketing programs. The company collects data from various sources including social media platforms like Facebook[44]<\/a> and, instead of selling items, it imagines selling a political project with the systems of the psyops[45]<\/a>. And he sells it to every single person, gathering all his accessible data to develop a highly detailed psychological and emotional profile. The set of various profiles is then used to develop political strategies[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This program is developed by Michal Kosinski, a Cambridge nerd expert in computer and psychonometry, who wanted to use the program to persuade the supporters of abstention to go and vote - so that Kosinski, when he understands the Mercer and Bannon project, gives up everything, but it has now lost possession of its software[47]<\/a>. In his place Mercer calls another nerd, Aleksandr Kogan, who has his own small software company called GSR Global Science Research: he discovers a new Facebook application, called \"This is Your Digital Life\"[48]<\/a> which has a special permission to collect information. not only from the person using the app, but also from his network, collecting the info on each of the contacts[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan is Moldovan, his childhood was spent in Moscow, for him the West is the Promised Land[50]<\/a>. The GSR founded it together with a friend, Joseph Andrew Chancellor[51]<\/a>, who like Kogan is extremely ambitious and doesn't give a damn about Hamletic doubts. When GSR gets the big contract with SCL, Joseph leaves and goes to work for Facebook\u2026[52]<\/a> . Joseph's place is taken by Christopher Wylie, who calls himself a \"gay vegan Canadian\"[53]<\/a> and, after spending terrible years as a victim of bullying, drops out of school, becomes a successful self-taught and graduates from the London School of Economics[54]<\/a>. He joined Cambridge Analytica in 2013, after moving to Alexander Nix's[55]<\/a> SCL Elections Ltd[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But seeing Bannon at work upsets him, so he leaves and goes to tell the police everything[57]<\/a>. And Wilye begins by telling about Alexander Nix, a boy with a good college resume, selfish and ambitious[58]<\/a>. Nix is \u200b\u200bthe charming man who gives client presentations, gives university lectures, smiles on TV - and who, surprisingly, will stay out of the Cambridge Analytica management criminal investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The great presidential race of 2016<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Nix, CEO of Cambridge Analytica, in the company's office in New York City in October 2016<\/sub><\/strong>[59]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first to notice that something is wrong with the personal data of Facebook users is The Guardian reporter Harry Davies in December 2015: he says that Cambridge Analytica works for US Senator Ted Cruz[60]<\/a> and uses data collected from millions of accounts Facebook without any consent from their owners - which is why Facebook ordered Kogan to stop and blocked him on all sites[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kogan closes GSR and goes to San Francisco, where he founds Philometrics and continues to work for Cambridge Analytica[62]<\/a>, initially analyzing forecasts on the trend of cryptocurrencies[63]<\/a>. But when, in March 2018, Special Attorney Robert Mueller investigates Russia's alleged interference in US elections and suspicion that illegal counter-propaganda has been organized against the Clinton family, Kogan's name is among the first to appear on documents seized in Cambridge. Analytica[64]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2016, as manager Molly Schweickert testifies[65]<\/a>, the Trump committee entrusts Cambridge Analytica with the management of the campaign: Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, hires a computer scientist, Brad Parscale, who puts the Trumps in contact with Cambridge Analytica[66]<\/a>. Steve Bannon, at the time head of Breitbart News, Trump's election campaign manager and former vice president of Cambridge Analytica, decided to stake everything on this project[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two years later it will be discovered that Nix had kept Wylie's software and that much of Cambridge Analytica's work was done using the data he had gleaned from Facebook[68]<\/a>. The software reads the data, organizes it, responds to each one, publishes fake news with millions of often fictitious avatars[69]<\/a>. But now the judiciary is unstoppable: in March 2018, Cambridge Analytica is the subject of criminal investigations on both sides of the Atlantic[70]<\/a>. The deeper the judiciary goes into the analysis of internal documents, the more it discovers: in the course of just four years, the staff of the nerds put together by Mercer has manipulated elections in at least 200 cases in a couple of dozen countries[71]<\/a>. It may seem strange to you, but no government of those countries has wanted to deepen the subject - Italy, France, Spain and Germany included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ties with Russia and the United Arab Emirates<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In December 2016, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan visits Trump Tower and meets Jared Kushner, Michael Flynn and Steve Bannon - this is a serious violation of diplomatic protocol, as Abu Dhabi's number two forgets to contact the federal administration, led by Barack Obama, just as it forgets to have met, a few minutes earlier, in the same rooms, the Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To federal magistrates, Trump's men will tell that the trading of shares of the oil giant Rosneft was being negotiated, and that Mohammed Bin Zayed, in this regard, had previously organized a meeting in the Seychelles which was also attended by the oligarch Kirill Dmitriev[73]<\/a>, the founder Blackwater mercenary firm Erik Prince[74]<\/a>, and Trump consultant George Nader[75]<\/a>. In reality, there is discussion about the price that Moscow asks Trump for having a less cooperative attitude with Iran[76]<\/a>. It is not known what the Russians responded, but it is since that time that the Russian regime has started using Cambridge Analytica to try to influence the US presidential election in favor of Donald Trump - a project coordinated by Michael Flynn and Sergey Kislyak[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the fall of 2017[78]<\/a>, the UAE Media National Council signs a contract with SCL Social (another SCL group company) for $ 330,000[79]<\/a> to conduct a global media campaign against Qatar[80]<\/a>. As, a few months later, the companies of the SCL group are forced into bankruptcy, this contract will be transferred to a new company, based in Abu Dhabi, named Emerdata Plc, whose shareholders and managers are exactly the same as those of Cambridge Analytica[81]<\/a>, and which maintains the main and most delicate political and diplomatic ties[82]<\/a>. As for the activities that concern all the other customers and countries connected to the individual companies of the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica, these were moved to Romania, to the offices of SC Strategic Communications Laboratories Srl Baia Mare[83]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While the old contracts seem to be concentrated within this new secret industrial and commercial group, on the other hand there are important managers of Cambridge Analytica who found new companies and acquire new customers. One among all: Ahmad Ahraf Al Khatib, a computer technician originally from the United Arab Emirates but currently a citizen of the Seychelles Islands[84]<\/a>. Al Khatib worked for the Mubadala military group, owned by Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, and for the state-owned investment fund ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (also headed by Al-Nahyan) and from there he moved to the helm of Emerdata[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the summer of 2018 he founded Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington (a small town a few kilometers from Eastbourne and Brighton)[86]<\/a>, which has new and almost all unknown clients, but the same usual Cambridge Analytica software available. 20% of this company belongs to Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington (currently in liquidation[87]<\/a>, owned by Al Khatib and another ex of SCL, Mike Popesku[88]<\/a>), 80% belongs to Vision Holdco Ltd.[89]<\/a>, a company possibly registered in Seychelles, whose shareholders are unknown[90]<\/a>. In addition to this, Al Khatib has started a commercial activity in Brazil, linked to an Islamic religious association[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Like Al Khatib, a dozen other former Cambridge Analytica analysts are currently in full swing, either in the ranks of Emerdata or as owners of very small one-man businesses however connected to Emerdata. It is not known what they do, but they certainly use the same software, or possibly a further development of the technology that, a few years ago, was used by Cambridge Analytica. This means that the criminal investigations against the activities of Mercer and Bannon's group have been, for Cambridge Analytica, like a huge global advertising campaign and that, everywhere on the planet, there are regimes and individual political groups that, just as we write, are using illegally social networks and any other data collection system to manipulate the electorate, that is you, that is us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mpbeOCKZFfQ<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> 2005.07.13 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jbottomley\/?originalSubdomain=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> 2008.07.21 SCL Group Ltd. Tunbridge Wells<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060405015351\/http:\/\/www.regiments.org\/regiments\/uk\/inf\/095RGJ.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120207163707\/http:\/\/www.palgrave.com\/PDFs\/1403903735.Pdf<\/a>, pages 11-12 ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604112403\/http:\/\/www.psr.keele.ac.uk\/table\/york\/Defence.html#Defence74<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=MZjobjexWkcC&pg=PA25&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a> ; https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=reE9YRnv2i0C&pg=PA29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/theresa-may-dodges-question-on-tory-links-to-cambridge-analytica-2018-3?IR=T<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk\/news\/national\/16103068.cambridge-analytica-founders-behind-new-london-based-data-processing-company\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> 2015.10.01 Consensus Business Group Ltd. London<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-12688072<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/en.globes.co.il\/en\/article-investigating-the-investigators-black-cube-1000914455<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2013\/apr\/22\/vincent-tchenguiz-settles-black-cube-dispute<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> 2011.01.24 Vincent Aziz Tchenguiz on eVigilo<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.rentec.com\/Home.action?index=true<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/\/summary?id=D000022219&cycle=A<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Main financier of Parler - a social media that was born in 2018 to \"support free speech\" and that already has the profiles of Eric, son of Trump, his lawyer Rudy Giuliani and others. The social network was blocked by Apple, Google and Android for numerous violations of the regulations and incitement to violence, see: https:\/\/forbes.it\/2021\/01\/11\/rebekah-mercer-ereditiera-dietro-parler-il-social-ultra-conservatore-bandito-dal-web\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/01\/27\/rebekah-mercer-book-capitol-riot\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> https:\/\/www.politico.com\/interactives\/2017\/politico50\/rebekah-mercer\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media\/2017\/nov\/02\/billionaire-trump-donor-robert-mercer-breitbart<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/11\/24\/mercer-family-dramatically-scaled-back-giving-to-conservative-causes-heading-into-2020.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/yachtharbour.com\/news\/sea-owl--robert-mercer-s-iconic-green-hulled-yacht-3008<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.superyachtfan.com\/yacht\/sea-owl\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eenews.net\/stories\/1061727147<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/esteri\/2018\/03\/21\/news\/bannon_l_ex_stratega_di_trump_la_mente_di_cambridge_analytica-191810903\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a>  https:\/\/www.vanityfair.it\/news\/approfondimenti\/2019\/04\/17\/steve-bannon-trump-salvini-sovranisti-elezioni-europee<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/politica\/salvini_bannon_cambridge_analytica_facebook-3676464\/news\/2018-03-24\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2018\/jan\/09\/steve-bannon-leaves-breitbart-after-expressing-regret-over-trump-remarks<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wallstreetitalia.com\/trend\/russiagate\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.repubblica.it\/argomenti\/russiagate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_russia_putin_trump-3644440\/news\/2018-03-19\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilfattoquotidiano.it\/2018\/11\/01\/usa-steve-bannon-indagato-dal-senato-lex-stratega-di-trump-nel-mirino-per-russiagate-e-il-caso-cambridge-analytica\/4735921\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.open.online\/2020\/08\/20\/steve-bannon-amici-italiani-salvini-meloni\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gazeta.ru\/tech\/2019\/03\/18\/12249439\/kogan_sues.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.illibraio.it\/autori\/christopher-wylie\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180324041614\/https:\/\/ca-political.com\/news\/timeline-events<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/10\/08\/768216311\/whistleblower-explains-how-cambridge-analytica-helped-fuel-u-s-insurgency?t=1621004563814<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2015\/dec\/11\/senator-ted-cruz-president-campaign-facebook-user-data<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/philometrics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/thebell.io\/uchenyj-na-temnoj-storone-kak-urozhenets-moldavii-okazalsya-v-tsentre-skandala-s-facebook<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/mueller-sought-emails-of-trump-campaign-data-firm-1513296899?mod=e2tw<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2017\/oct\/26\/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.spectator.co.uk\/article\/the-brits-behind-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ilpost.it\/2018\/03\/19\/facebook-cambridge-analytica\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> Video interview con Christopher Wylie: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/18\/what-is-cambridge-analytica-firm-at-centre-of-facebook-data-breach<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> Cambridge Analytica has handed over some of the data collected in the UK to the Leave faction during Brexit, in particular to committees close to Nigel Farage (his lawyer, moreover, lived in the same building as Bannon), see: https:\/\/www.pandorarivista.it\/articoli\/steve-bannon-e-robert-mercer\/#_ftn14<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2018\/mar\/15\/cambridge-analytica-illegal-foreign-donors-leave-eu-arron-banks<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2017\/feb\/26\/robert-mercer-breitbart-war-on-media-steve-bannon-donald-trump-nigel-farage<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> Christopher Wylie, \u201cMindf*ck: inside Cambridge Analytica's plot to break the world<\/em>\u201c, Profile Books, London 2019; Andreas Jungherr, \u201cRetooling politics: How digital media are shaping democracy<\/em>\u201d, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020; Nazzareno Tirino, \u201cCambridge Analytica. <\/em>Il potere segreto, la gestione del consenso e la fine della propaganda<\/em>\u201d, Edizioni Libellula, Lecce 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> Prince is best known as the founder of Blackwater, a security company that has become a symbol of US abuse in Iraq after a series of incidents, including one in 2007 in which company guards were accused - and subsequently criminally convicted - of killing civilians in a crowded Iraqi square. Prince sold the company, which was later renamed, but went on to build a private paramilitary empire with contracts across the Middle East and Asia. He is now the head of a Hong Kong-based company known as the Frontier Services Group, see: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/mueller-evidence-raising-questions-prince-testimony-meeting-russian\/story?id=54277090<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/blackwater-founder-held-secret-seychelles-meeting-to-establish-trump-putin-back-channel\/2017\/04\/03\/95908a08-1648-11e7-ada0-1489b735b3a3_story.html?utm_term=.d64b6acf36b6<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/why-did-obama-dawdle-on-russias-hacking\/2017\/01\/12\/75f878a0-d90c-11e6-9a36-1d296534b31e_story.html?utm_term=.72af02c26db1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Exhibit-AB-20171006-1.pdf<\/a> ; https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/revealed-facebook-data-harvesters-links-us-and-uk-counter-extremism-campaigns<\/a> ; https:\/\/efile.fara.gov\/docs\/6473-Informational-Materials-20171013-1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/spitfirelist.com\/news\/the-cambridge-analytica-microcosm-in-our-panoptic-macrocosm\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.startmag.it\/innovazione\/cambridge-analytica-emerdata\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.agi.it\/estero\/cambridge_analytica_chiude_dati-3854178\/news\/2018-05-04\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/10\/us\/politics\/mercer-family-cambridge-analytica.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=1<\/a> ; https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/company\/10911848\/filing-history?page=2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/ibiworld.eu\/2021\/01\/07\/la-philip-morris-va-alla-guerra-alleata-a-suprematisti-populisti-e-sceicchi-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk\/officers\/MVXMVXIlHAjSuuhqCXQ9bZCcDrk\/appointments<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/ahmad-al-khatib-who-launched-auspex-international-and-was-at-emerdata-with-erik-princes-business-f0e93e07c240<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> 2018.09.17 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> 2020.12.08 Vision Esop Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mihajlopopesku\/?originalSubdomain=uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> 2019.06.19 Auspex International Ltd. Chalvington<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/wsiegelman.medium.com\/chart-scl-and-cambridge-analytica-active-and-related-companies-2020-6f38e2e3100c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/officers?q=ahmad+al+khatib&utf8=%E2%9C%93<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"Cambridge Analytica: the criminals who persuade us to vote for Trump","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"cambridge-analytica-the-criminals-who-persuade-us-to-vote-for-trump","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:43","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5318","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":5240,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_date_gmt":"2021-05-16 20:43:29","post_content":"\n

\u00a9 IBI World Limited<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Endless sand. Like a nightmare. A landscape in which no point can be distinguished to grasp it with thoughts, in which there is no right direction. It is called Mauritania and is one of the poorest countries in the world (157th<\/sup>), as almost two-thirds of the people live here on less than US $ 5 a day and cannot yet read or write[1]<\/a>. You might think it is a caring nation, whose foreign policy is limited to seeking help from richer countries and avoiding socially and economically unsustainable conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But it's not like that. In a globalized world, every piece is irreplaceable. It is difficult to perceive, but the imbalances on which the weak thread between peace and war rests also take into account Mauritania, an element of peace in the dispute between Morocco and the Saharawi people which guarantees reception areas for refugees from different tribal wars in West Africa, but above all what alters the balance of the Cold War which, over the past decade, has turned the Persian Gulf into a powder keg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But Mauritania is a capricious and insecure international partner because of its extreme poverty and weakness. It is a country far behind other African countries, the scene of continuous coups d'etat whose population has not yet had universal access to essential rights in Europe for over a century. In fact, slavery was banned here in 1981, but it wasn't until 2007 that it became a crime in Mauritania to keep a man in chains[2]<\/a>. Even so, over 90,000 people are still slaves today[3]<\/a>. For some crimes, if you live outside the city, you will always be stoned to death[4]<\/a>: for apostasy, blasphemy, adultery and homosexuality[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The trade balance survives thanks to natural resources and fishing (together 90% of exports) but these are constantly fluctuating markets[6]<\/a>. Only 1% of the territory is made up of arable land, so we must focus on the relatively recently discovered oil and gas fields[7]<\/a>. Military elites play politics, no one else can raise their voice and protest, which makes Mauritania pretty darn unstable (also for foreign investors).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After all, it is a nation that on its own would never have existed if the deserts had been sewn together that no one wanted from Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and Mali. A vast area, twice the size of Spain, home to just four and a half million people who flock to the 755 km long Atlantic coast or near Senegal, or to the south where monsoons allow breeding and l horticulture most of the year[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obviously in such conditions there are a lot of populations that affect the territory and they are nomads and they are in perpetual struggle with each other \u2013 like the Berbers and the Arabs who came here after the fall of the Roman Empire , for the massacre between the Bafours and the Soninke[9]<\/a>. There is talk of a time when the Sahara was less than a third of what it is today and was still full of fields and cattle, but in the centuries that followed the deterioration of general conditions continued. also accompanied by an increase in inter-ethnic disputes[10]<\/a>. The last profitable business was to enslave people and make money by selling it to European or Arab merchants[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The power whirlwind carousel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

On November 28, 1960, President Moktar Ould Daddah proclaimed the independence of Mauritania<\/sub><\/strong>[12]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

French colonization came late (second half of the 19th<\/sup> century): from 1854, General Louis Faidherbe gradually subjugated all the territories and imposed a protectorate in 1904[13]<\/a>, but even that did not put an end to the violence between the tribes. In 1958 autonomy was obtained through a referendum[14]<\/a> and in 1960 the Islamic Republic of Mauritania gained independence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paris is happy: until 1966, it kept 3,000 soldiers in military bases in Mauritania, but until 1974, France sold weapons and military training to the government of Moktar Ould Daddah[15]<\/a>. As soon as the French liberalize the arms market, coups d'\u00e9tat will take place every two years, until the military victory of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who will manage to maintain together a dictatorial and violent regime between 1984 and 2003 \u2013 but after his assassination, the tournament will be again until Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz takes power in 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From the 1970s, however, a new actor appeared in the region: the Saharawi people, made up of Berber nomadic tribes who, unlike the ten tribes scattered across the Sahara, perceive themselves as a single ethnic group and have a single municipality asks for the nation[16]<\/a> \u2013 and for reasons of geopolitical interest, he still fights today to preserve a country which he can call his own[17]<\/a>, also because the country which they call theirs, in the south of Morocco, is very rich in phosphates and Rabat does not intend to release it[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was the Polisario Front that enabled the end of Mauritania's first president and unleashed an organized war that culminated in the bombing of Nouakchott[19]<\/a>. Until the beginning of this century, the Polisario Front, the armed wing of the Saharawi people, participated in all the Mauritanian civil wars on the basis that it felt itself to be part owner of the nation[20]<\/a>. It is only in recent years that the Sahrawis, aware that their treatment in Mauritania is better than persecution by Moroccans, have become an element of stability in the country[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The other moment of stability comes with the dictatorship of Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya introducing the multiparty system but in a situation where the personal secretariat of the president selects the electoral bodies, bans the dissident press and uses and carries state money. like theirs \u2013 so paradoxically this situation has helped to create a common popular conscience, which finds a way out in the protests of 1994 and 1996[22]<\/a>, when the dictator is publicly accused of fraud[23]<\/a>. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya resisted an assassination attempt in 2003[24]<\/a> but gave in to the 2005 mutiny of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (MCJD) led by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[25]<\/a> (a steward of Taya who appointed him chief of the security forces. in 1987)[26]<\/a> at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vall offers encouraging signs: amnesty for prisoners for political crimes; two-year period for elections; in 2006, he called a widely recognized referendum on constitutional reforms, one of which was to limit the president to two terms that will last no more than six years but five years[27]<\/a>. An even more important fact: During his reign, Mohamed Valli managed to establish important diplomatic relations with the United States and to maintain the ties that already existed with Israel[28]<\/a>. Mauritania is one of the few Muslim countries to openly engage in Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The Polisario Front has its roots in the 1970s when it was founded to counter Spanish colonialism<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This choice of fronts in international politics also survives the fact that Vall loses the 2007 election won by Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi[29]<\/a>: the first democratically elected president in Mauritania, which is a signal of great success on a global scale: the National Democratic The Institute for International Affairs (NDI)[30]<\/a>, which participated in the vote, writes in the conclusions of its report that, despite its still very fragile reality, Mauritania experienced for the first time a real democratic confrontation \u2013 an event that marks an important historical turning point[31]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The years of Mohammed Ould Abdel Aziz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

General Ould Abdel Aziz outside the presidential palace on August 7, 2008, a day after the coup he organized<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This creates a problem in the Persian Gulf, where the star of Mohammed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan is on the rise and those who oppose the grand alliance are being fought. Therefore, Vall and his successor Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi are also seen as enemies simply because they have good relations with the Muslim Brotherhood, Iran, Turkey and Lebanon. After fifteen months, General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, a friend of the United Arab Emirates, deposed the president in a coup, overthrew democratic institutions and promised a change in international politics[32]<\/a>. From 2009, the regime's main antagonist will be the Tewassoul party, which is closely linked to its Muslim Brotherhood[33]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was born in December 1956 in Akjoujt, a small town in western Mauritania known for its copper and gold mines[34]<\/a>. The \"white\" moor of a tribe of Arab-Berber warriors, Oulad Bou Sbaa (literally \"son of lions\")[35]<\/a>, spent most of his childhood in Senegal then entered the military academy of Meknes in Morocco in age 20. At that time, Rabat was an ally of Mauritania against the Sahrawis. He took the Muslim name of Abdel Aziz and received the rank of infantry lieutenant. Between 1981 and 1982, he studied in Algeria and then joined the army[36]<\/a>. From December 12, 1984, he became assistant to the president of Colonel Maaouiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya and had the opportunity to attend several important schools until he obtained the rank of captain[37]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1987 entrusts Taya Ould Abdel Aziz with the organization of the Presidential Security Battalion (BASEP)[38]<\/a>, a military elite of at least 500 men, supposed to protect the head of state. Officially, the group is headed by the Ministry of Defense, but in practice it takes orders directly from the president[39]<\/a>. In 1991, Abdel Aziz was already a battalion commander in the army general staff and, after the very competitive elections of January 1992, in which Taya was elected president, he attended the state school. -Major general of K\u00e9nitra in Morocco, in order to receive the post. Deputy Commander of the Sixth Military Region in 1994[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The captain becomes an irreplaceable reference for Sid'Ahmed Taya, especially after having foiled the coup of 2003 and effectively suppressed the anti-government conspiracies of 2003 and 2004[41]<\/a>. For this, he will receive the Medal of Merit from the Commander of the National Order and the rank of Colonel[42]<\/a>. On August 3, 2005, Colonel Ould Abdel Aziz and Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (his cousin[43]<\/a>) declared the outgoing president deposed during a meeting of the army staff. No one protests, no shots are fired, no one is imprisoned or tortured[44]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ould Abdel Aziz was appointed Commander of the General Staff of the Presidency of the Republic in September 2007. In January 2008, he obtained the rank of General and received confirmation of his leadership at BASEP. For the first time, he entered BASEP, an international projector[45]<\/a>. To this end, he met Mohamed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, Minister of Defense of the United Arab Emirates and a man at the center of the power plan in which Dubai is involved with Riyadh and certain capitals of the Persian Gulf, in particular against Iran, Turkey, Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood which is on the side of democracy in Mauritania and therefore constitutes an obstacle to the objectives of Ould Abdel Aziz[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Guard of troops after army seized state radio in 2008 coup<\/sub><\/strong>[47]<\/strong><\/sub><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The next season will be hell: escalating al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, much lower than expected oil revenues, steep food price hikes, smuggling and uncontrollable corruption lead to popular discontent[48]<\/a>, street unrest and quarrels in the palaces of politics which poison the entire political landscape[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this climate, three days after the third anniversary of the coup d'\u00e9tat in 2005, the government announced a comprehensive restructuring of the military and security apparatus: without any explanation, Abdelhi Abdel Aziz left their post as commander of BASEP Mohammed Ould Ghazouani as head of the army and his colleague F\u00e9lix N\u00e9gri as chief of staff of the National Guard and Ahmed Ould Bekrine as chief of staff of the national gendarmerie[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The reaction of the four displaced generals, supported by Colonel Mohammed Ould Hady, Director General of National Security, was lightning fast: on the morning of August 6, 2008, the presidential guard troops led by General Abdel Aziz surrounded the presidential palace, the office of the prime minister, the office of the state broadcaster and declares the blocking of access to the international airport[51]<\/a>; then they arrest President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed el-Waghef and Interior Minister Mohamed Ould R'zeizm[52]<\/a>. A brief statement on television announces the transfer of power to a commission made up entirely of senior military officials[53]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The coup d'etat is condemned almost everywhere: the United States, with the African Union, demand the release of the imprisoned Mauritanian leaders; The EU threatens to stop development aid. The condemnation also comes from regional powers in South Africa and Nigeria[54]<\/a>. In the absence of satisfactory responses from the new administration, the world creates facts: the United States suspends grants and security assistance to the Millennium Challenge Corporation; The African Union suspends membership in Mauritania and extends sanctions; in April of the same year, the European Union, under the French presidency, ceased its aid operations for two years; the development projects of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are also on hold[55]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new leader has the promises of Abu Dhabi in his pocket and tries to convince everyone that he is a Democrat by standing for the next presidential election, which will take place in due course, on May 30, 2009, with a possible second round , which is tentatively scheduled for June 13[56]<\/a>. The political reaction is harsh: Ahmed Ould Daddah, head of the Assembly of Democratic Forces (RFD), which includes the Islamic Brothers and former President Abdullahi, questions the legitimacy of Ould Abdel Aziz's candidacy \u2013 the constitution prohibits the candidacy for the army \u2013 and threatens to boycott the elections\u2026 Abdel Aziz's reaction: he resigns from all military posts[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abdel Aziz and the opposition give in to international pressure and agree in Dakar to postpone the elections to July 18 and allow a government of national unity during the transition to include 26 ministerial posts shared between supporters of the junta and the opposition become[58]<\/a>. Moulay Ould Mohamed Laghdaf was then appointed Prime Minister[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (left) and Mohammed Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan (right)<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

From that moment on, Abdel Aziz campaigned and went to the poorest and most disadvantaged neighborhoods (we often see him in Kebe, the slums of Nouakchott[60]<\/a>) to promise new schools, hospitals and streets[61]<\/a>. Abdel Aziz wins in the first round and obtains 52.6% of preferences[62]<\/a>. Everything is being done under the watchful eye of an independent commission made up of the African Union, the Arab League, the International Organization of La Francophonie and the Organization of the Islamic Conference: the commission will reject the allegations of fraud of the opposition[63]<\/a>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result of the elections has the immediate effect of restoring international agreements: NATO resumes its security programs with Mauritania, the European Union lifts sanctions and resumes its aid programs, and the IMF will join the others in September of the same year[64]<\/a>. The new president faces a mix of violent regional and local extremists, whose numbers have risen sharply in recent years[65]<\/a>. It encourages constructive political debates between different ethnic groups, sets up special courts and strengthens security with police forces and a well-trained army[66]<\/a>: a strategy that will meet with some success, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bjihadist violence[67]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economically, too, Abdel Aziz seems to be doing well \u2013 at least compared to his predecessors, who managed to present even false macroeconomic accounts as negative[68]<\/a>. Completely breaking away from Taya's management, he is working hard on fairly complex reforms such as the restructuring of the Ministry of Economy and Development (MAED)[69]<\/a>. In 2013, the economy grew by 6.3% and achieved a significant trade balance[70]<\/a>, which will have a positive impact on the 2014 presidential election. He will undoubtedly win these elections with 81.89% of the vote[71]<\/a>. The following September, he set up a National Committee to Combat Corruption and Mismanagement (CNLCG) to strengthen engagement against endemic corruption[72]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The social question, however, remains largely unresolved: unemployment, widespread poverty, gender discrimination, violations of human rights, the secular issue of slavery, despotic and autocratic management of a man who circumvents all institutions in imposing itself on its omnipresence in all sectors ... these aspects make this country a place far removed from a modern democracy[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2017, Abdel Aziz called a referendum after failing to gain parliamentary support for further reforms. The changes are significant: the High Court of Justice, the High Islamic Council and the Mediator of the Republic would be integrated into a single institution, the Supreme Council of Fatwa \u2013 a sensational novelty which places the control of justice in the hands of the Religion Islamic[74]<\/a>. Despite attempts to boycott the opposition, the referendum was a success: a turnout of 53.73%, a YES victory with 85% of the vote[75]<\/a>. In 2019 he does not appoint again and therefore accepts the legally established limits, but the man he sponsored, the former Minister of Defense Ould Ghazouani, becomes the new president with 52% of the vote, which ensures the continuity of the regime[76]<\/a>: he and Abdel Aziz have known each other since then, they attended the Meknes academy together and are each other's best friends[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The end of the Abdel Aziz era<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The results of the vote in the constitutional referendum of August 2017<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

First of all, everyone sees the new president as a puppet. Abdel Aziz is the one who controls international relations and therefore the portfolios[78]<\/a>. His allies in the Persian Gulf are loyal to him, but in return, Ould Abdel Aziz must engage on uncomfortable fronts like Libya, where he sits alongside opponents of the European Union and most African states[79]<\/a>. This leads to an unexpected reaction from President Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, who announced a sudden government reshuffle in the summer of 2020 by appointing Ould Abdel Aziz, the prime minister, in light of the results of a report by the commission of parliamentary inquiry (PIC)[80]<\/a> set up to investigate the times when the Aziz government was in charge, that he was ousted from his post as prime minister[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 800-page report, accusing Ould Abdel Aziz of carrying out several illegal operations[82]<\/a>, speaks of procurement violations of 109 projects worth $ 1.4 billion, such as personal management of oil revenues and the sale of state property to Nouakchott, the activities of the Chinese fishing company Pully Hong Dong[83]<\/a>, and the liquidation of a state-owned enterprise that supplies food throughout the country[84]<\/a>. Besides the former president, there are many officials involved in the crimes who, after hearing from investigators, admit the allegations and say they acted on the instructions of Ould Abdel Aziz[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz with his son Bedrn, owner of the \u201cRahma de Bienfaisance\u201d foundation, which is under investigation for public money laundering<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accused's confessions trigger an apocalypse: the passports of former Prime Minister Yaya Ould Hademine, the former director general of the National Industrial and Mining Company (SNIM) Mohamed Abdallah Ould Oudaa \u2013 a state-owned company \u2013 and of the former minister of urbanization and current director of the National Airlines Mauritania Airlines Internationale, Amal Mint Maouloud are confiscated[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A few days later, on August 17, former President Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested for corruption and public appropriation and released on bail[87]<\/a>, although his passport remained confiscated[88]<\/a>. Bedr Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz, son of former President Bedr Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, is also under investigation for money laundering: Bedr and the Rahma de Bienfaisance Foundation are suspected of using public funds for private purposes, leading to the confiscation of their assets, including trucks belonging to the foundation[89]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In December, Ould Abdel Aziz had to give up the leadership of the party he had founded, the Union for the Republic[90]<\/a>. He reserves inflammatory words for El Ghazouani and his government and complains of being the victim of a \"settlement of ancient tales<\/em>\"[91]<\/a> and that \"the corrupt have returned to power thanks to a gentle coup<\/em>[92]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> and are showing up. now as fighters against corruption<\/em>\u201d[93]<\/a>: State funds allocated to the presidency increased by 88% with Ghazouani and those allocated to parliament by 30%, so that each deputy received 250,000 ouguiya (approximately 6,000 euros) per year to approve the theses of the commission of inquiry[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In March of this year, Attorney General Ahmedou Ould Abdallah[95]<\/a> again called for the pre-trial detention of Ould Abdel Aziz, two former prime ministers, five former government ministers and four businessmen[96]<\/a>. The AFP news agency reports that the allegations against the former president are numerous and include money laundering, embezzlement and obstruction of justice[97]<\/a>. The reason: The trial is approaching \u2013 at the time of this writing, Ould Abdel Aziz is on parole and has to report to the police three times a week[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the meantime, the new president has started to deal with his country's foreign policy. The first decision was to sever exclusive ties with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and to seek the support and guidance of the European Union, African Union and United Nations[99]<\/a> to launch a project of openness of Mauritania \u2013 a bet we want him to win.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mauritania, a fragile country with an uncertain future<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

In more than 50% of the villages, drinking water is still provided once a week by international NGOs<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Cadre Harmonis\u00e9 analysis of March 2021, around 196,000 people in Mauritania will need food aid in March-May 2021 and 457,000 during the dry season (June-August 2021)[100]<\/a>. The persistence of civil conflicts in Mali has also resulted in the entry of large numbers of refugees into Mauritania: according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently more than 70,500 displaced people in the region. countries that are thirsty and hungry[101]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The new presidency had brought some hope thanks to weak economic growth, but the pandemic caused a drop of 2.2% in just one year and things took a turn for the worse as the trade deficit fell from 8% to about 11% of GDP[102]<\/a>. The numerous reforms in certain sectors like agriculture and the corporate sector, like increasing production in the extractive sector after the expansion of gold mines, could help alleviate a really difficult situation[103]<\/a>, but it all depends on too many variables which are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, such as drought, political problems, social conflicts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All this represents a poisoned mixture which makes Mauritania a country very dependent on humanitarian aid and foreign funding: according to the Financial Tracking Service, the country benefited in 2020 from donations from various international organizations (including the IMF, the ADB , the EU and the World Bank) for nearly 76 million dollars[104]<\/a> \u2013 or 4.5% of GDP[105]<\/a>. Human rights, episodes of violence on the part of officials, arbitrary arrests, torture, ill-treatment, inhuman conditions of detention, sexual abuse, severe restrictions on freedom of expression, of religion , meeting or association and appalling slavery persist[106]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But in 18 months, this ant has shifted the balance in the dispute within the Arab world \u2013 in the direction of peace. Often it would take so little to tackle and solve problems that seem so immense. Giving confidence and strength to a new Mauritania takes little less than the commitment necessary to support armed peace in the Middle East. A few million dollars well invested and free of men and women could thrive outside the desert \u2013 out of slavery, violence, starvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/MRT\/mauritania\/poverty-rate<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/6938032.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/www.globalslaveryindex.org\/2018\/findings\/regional-analysis\/africa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/04\/death-penalty-in-2020-facts-and-figures\/#:~:text=Only%20two%20countries%2C%20USA%20and,death%20sentences%20in%20the%20region.&text=In%20Asia%2DPacific%20Bangladesh%2C%20China,carried%20out%20executions%20in%202020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ecoi.net\/en\/document\/2043672.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/www.infomercatiesteri.it\/quadro_macroeconomico.php?id_paesi=150#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.offshore-technology.com\/comment\/current-market-impacts-mauritania-senegal-oil-gas\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/mauritania-population\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/books.google.it\/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=bafur+mauritania&source=bl&ots=uIcgv9Qd1n&sig=ACfU3U2hHt2JZikoP-YZCtp7Wd3jG9fGng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBxIiFhpnwAhXM_qQKHUqxCakQ6AEwEnoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=bafur%20mauritania&f=false<\/a> \u201cEthinc Group Of Africa And The Middle East\u201d \u2013 John A. Shoup \u2013 2011 \u2013 Pag 35<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ma-Ni\/Mauritania.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-mauritania.html#:~:text=The%20population%20of%20Mauritania%20is,while%20the%20Haratins%20are%2040%25<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/1081985\/politique\/le-jour-ou-le-premier-president-de-la-mauritanie-mokhtar-ould-daddah-sest-confie-a-jeune-afrique\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/biography.yourdictionary.com\/louis-leon-cesar-faidherbe<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> https:\/\/en.linkfang.org\/wiki\/1958_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/uca.edu\/politicalscience\/dadm-project\/sub-saharan-africa-region\/mauritania-1960-present\/<\/a> ; https:\/\/amp.it.what-this.com\/1306218\/1\/moktar-ould-daddah.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jul\/16\/women-western-sahara-independence-morroco<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/gallery\/2015\/nov\/21\/desert-schools-sahrawi-refugee-camps-morocco-western-sahara-in-pictures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/3208012.stm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> https:\/\/www.msn.com\/en-us\/news\/world\/fighting-in-morocco-may-present-biden-with-fresh-africa-crisis-amid-covid-surge\/ar-BB1b1Yfg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Polisario-Front<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/164495\/pub1152.pdf<\/a> ; Geoffrey Jensen, \u201cWar and Insurgency in The Western Sahara\u201d ,<\/em>2013 - pag.37<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem, \"Mauritania: A Saharan Frontier State<\/em>\", in \u201cJournal of North African Studies<\/em>\u201c, Vol. 10, No. 3-4, Routledge, London 2005<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> 2021.03.22 CountryWatch on Mauritania<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline-e\/reports\/arc\/2207_96.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/2000\/af\/855.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/archive\/mauritania-puts-down-coup-attempt-2003-06-08<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2005\/aug\/03\/1<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/mauritania\/military-junta-mauritania-names-new-head-state<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mauritania\/History#ref941397<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/473c5576c.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2036\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ndi.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2376_report_engpdf_09152008.pdf<\/a>  \u201c2007 Mauritanian Presidential Election an Assessment Mission Report\u201d - National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) 2007 - pag. 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bna.bh\/AboutBNA.aspx?cms=iQRpheuphYtJ6pyXUGiNqladb1RZ0e3I<\/a> ; https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006074045\/http:\/\/www.bna.bh\/portal\/en\/news\/609752<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/archive\/bahrain-fm-reiterates-stance-on-muslim-brotherhood\/172889<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> https:\/\/abidjan.net\/qui\/profil.asp?id=790<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[36]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[37]<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 136<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[38]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dcaf.ch\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/documents\/BrydenN%E2%80%99DiayeENGLISH.pdf<\/a> \u201cSecurity Sector Governance in Francophone West Africa: Realities and Opportunities\u201d -  Alan Bryden and Boubacar N\u2019Diaye (Eds) -  pag. 157<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[39]<\/a> http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/fileadmin\/docs\/B-Occasional-papers\/SAS-OP24-Mauritania-FR.pdf<\/a> \u201cArmes l\u00e9g\u00e8res et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 en Mauritanie\u201d - St\u00e9phanie P\u00e9zard avec Anne-Kathrin Glatz \u2013 2010 \u2013 page 32<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[40]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[41]<\/a> \u201cHistorical Dictionary of Mauritania\u201d - 2008 - Anthony G. Pazzanita<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[42]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/africa\/mauritania\/mohammed_ould_abdelaziz<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[43]<\/a> https:\/\/media.africaportal.org\/documents\/The-Legacy-of-Mauritania-Colonels-2016.pdf<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016 - Page 16<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[44]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-politique-etrangere-2005-4-page-809.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[45]<\/a> https:\/\/www.google.it\/books\/edition\/Ing%C3%A9rences_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_dans_les_crises\/oVR2DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Oulad+bousbaa+trib%C3%B9&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover<\/a> \u201cIngerences \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans les crises politiques en Guin\u00e9e et en Mauritanie de 2008 \u00e0 2013\u201d \u2013 Darlane Mengue <> M\u2019Engouang \u2013 2017 - pag. 137<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[46]<\/a> 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President Meets UAE FM; 2009.11.05 Mauritanian President and Sheikh Abdullah discuss bilateral ties; 2009.09.18 His Majesty exchanges Eid greetings with Arab and Islamic leaders<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[47]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13882166<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[48]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/21\/mauritanias-coup-in-the-making<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[49]<\/a> \u201cThe Legacy of Mauritania's Colonels: West Africa's Next Crisis?\u201d - Boubacar N\u2019Diaye Ph.D \u2013  2016<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[50]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[51]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[52]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[53]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2008\/08\/14\/mauritania-s-coup-domestic-complexities-and-international-dilemmas-pub-20392<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[54]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2008\/8\/7\/coup-leaders-vow-mauritania-vote<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[55]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a> page 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[56]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[57]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[58]<\/a> http:\/\/www1.rfi.fr\/actufr\/articles\/114\/article_81646.asp<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[59]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20090812-president-aziz-confirms-pm-appoints-new-government-<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[60]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ifri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/atoms\/files\/afrique_en_questions_23_en_-_alain_antil.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[61]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[62]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[63]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[64]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iemed.org\/anuari\/2010\/aarticles\/Fakir_Boucek_Mauritania_en.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[65]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[66]<\/a> https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2016\/02\/11\/mauritania-s-precarious-stability-and-islamist-undercurrent-pub-62730<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[67]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ispionline.it\/it\/pubblicazione\/mauritania-new-strongman-nouakchott-23850<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[68]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[69]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mortenjerven.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/B-SAMUEL-Vancouver-conference-ECONOMIC-CALCULATIONS-INSTABILITY-AND-IN-FORMALIZATION-OF-THE-STATE-IN-MAURITANIA.pdf<\/a> page 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[70]<\/a> https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d2d2cbb8-b8c9-11e3-835e-00144feabdc0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[71]<\/a> https:\/\/www.electionguide.org\/elections\/id\/2794\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[72]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/38879\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-abdelaziz-droit-dans-ses-bottes\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[73]<\/a> https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/magazine\/april-2014\/slow-steady-walk-democracy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[74]<\/a> https:\/\/africanarguments.org\/2017\/08\/why-mauritania-constitutional-referendum-may-only-be-the-first-of-many\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[75]<\/a> https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2017\/8\/7\/mauritania-votes-to-abolish-senate-by-referendum<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[76]<\/a> https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/mauritania-former-general-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-wins-presidential-election\/a-49305828<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[77]<\/a> https:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/139295\/politique\/mauritanie-mohamed-ould-ghazouani-l-homme-de-l-ombre\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[78]<\/a> https:\/\/epc.ae\/brief\/the-mauritanian-elections-inherent-risks-and-challenges-to-political-stability<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/environment\/sheikh-mohamed-bin-zayed-meets-world-leaders-before-abu-dhabi-sustainability-week-1.812883<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[79]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/fr\/news\/libyas-haftar-confirms-support-operation-dignity-egypt-and-uae-1265705213<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[80]<\/a> https:\/\/24.ae\/article\/551011\/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[81]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[82]<\/a> https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/africa\/mauritania-president-appoints-new-government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[83]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fzhongdong.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[84]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[85]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[86]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/42992-mauritania-police-seizes-passports-of-three-top-ex-officials-of-former-president-ould-abdelaziz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[87]<\/a> https:\/\/www.africanews.com\/2020\/08\/18\/mauritanian-ex-president-in-police-custody-for-corruption-charges\/\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[88]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200826-ex-mauritania-president-released-on-conditional-bail\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[89]<\/a> https:\/\/northafricapost.com\/44922-son-of-ex-mauritanian-president-under-investigation-on-alleged-money-laundering-charges.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[90]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[91]<\/a> https:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/africa\/20210311-mauritanian-ex-president-mohamed-ould-abdel-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[92]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[93]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[94]<\/a> https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20200829-former-mauritania-president-refuses-to-reveal-source-of-wealth\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[95]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[96]<\/a> https:\/\/ewn.co.za\/2021\/03\/12\/mauritanian-ex-president-aziz-charged-with-corruption<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[97]<\/a> https:\/\/atalayar.com\/en\/content\/corruption-investigations-against-former-mauritanian-president-ould-abdel-aziz-continue<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[98]<\/a> https:\/\/thearabweekly.com\/mauritanias-former-president-speaks-out-against-corruption-charges<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[99]<\/a> https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/mauritania-and-qatar-resume-diplomatic-ties\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[100]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[101]<\/a> http:\/\/www.fao.org\/giews\/countrybrief\/country.jsp?code=MRT&lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[102]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[103]<\/a> https:\/\/santandertrade.com\/en\/portal\/analyse-markets\/mauritania\/economic-outline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[104]<\/a> https:\/\/fts.unocha.org\/countries\/141\/flows\/2020?order=directional_property&sort=asc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[105]<\/a> https:\/\/www.coface.com\/Economic-Studies-and-Country-Risks\/Mauritania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[106]<\/a> https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices\/mauritania\/<\/a><\/p>\n","post_title":"How even the mauritanian ant can change the balance of the world","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"how-even-the-mauritanian-ant-can-change-the-balance-of-the-world","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_modified_gmt":"2025-02-02 08:35:44","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/dctransparency.com\/?p=5240","menu_order":0,"post_type":"post","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"next":false,"prev":true,"total_page":59},"paged":1,"column_class":"jeg_col_2o3","class":"epic_block_3"};

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